This chapter provides perspective on the physical dimensions associated with the microstructure of steel and the instruments that reveal grain size, morphology, phase distributions, crystal defects, and chemical composition, from which properties and behaviors derive. The chapter also reviews the definitions and classifications used to identify and differentiate commercial steels, including the AISI/SAE and UNS designation systems.

This appendix lists the designations, commercial sources, and suppliers of different types of fibers and resins.

Specific heat is a fundamental property that relates the total heat per unit mass added to a system to the resultant temperature change of the system. This chapter begins with the definition and historical development of specific heat. Thermodynamic and solid state relationships are presented which include discussions about lattice specific heat and the effects of magnetic and superconducting transitions. Data sources for practical applications and methods of estimating specific heat for materials are also included. The chapter concludes with a section concerning the measurement of specific heat at low temperatures.

The detailed heating requirements for specific applications must be considered before construction and implementation of any induction heating process. These requirements may include considerations such as type of heating, throughput and heating time, workpiece material, peak temperature, and so forth. The major applications of induction technology include through heating, surface heating (for surface heat treatment), metal melting, welding, brazing, and soldering. This chapter summarizes the selection of equipment and related design considerations for these applications.

This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics, types of weld corrosion issues, and prevention or mitigation strategies.

This appendix provides information on organizations that issue specifications and standards related to titanium and its alloys.

This appendix provides a description of the hardness code and specification of hardness numbers for metals.

This chapter discusses the role of standards and specifications for steel castings. It defines specifications and discusses how certification, testing, examination, methods, practices, procedures, compositions, properties, facilities, statistical process control, and documentation relate to codes and standards. The chapter describes processes involved in the selection of specifications for steel castings. Further, it provides information on the cost of specifications.

This chapter provides details on several specific binder formulations and a discussion of basic binder design concepts. The focus is on customization of the feedstock response to heating, pressurization, or solvent exposure for a specific shaping process. The discussion starts with the requirements of a binder system, the historical progression of binder formulations, and the use of binder alternatives to adapt to specific applications. The importance of binder handling strength to shape preservation is emphasized. The chapter provides information on the binders used for room-temperature shaping, namely slurry and tape casting systems.

Increasing growth of high-pressure cold spraying applications on the industrial scale have forced global powder producers to face this challenge and develop specific powders for cold spray applications. This chapter provides information on the properties, classification, characteristics, manufacturing, and procedures for packaging of powders specific to cold spray applications.

This chapter reviews various ways to classify failure categories and summarizes the basic types, causes, and mechanisms of damage, with particular consideration given to whether the likelihood of the types of damage can or cannot be influenced by the heat treating of steel parts. The classical organization for types of damage (failures) is as follows: deformation, fracture, wear, corrosion or other environmental damage, and multiple or complex damage. The chapter also provides some examples of lack of conformance to specification that may at first look like the heat treater did something wrong, but where other contributing factors made it difficult or impossible for the heat treater to meet the specification.

This chapter discusses the fundamentals of heat treating of alloy steels. It begins with an overview of the designations of AISI-SAE grades of alloy steels, followed by a description of the purposes served by alloying elements. The effects of specific alloying elements on the heat treatment of alloy steels and of boron on hardenability of alloy steels are then discussed. Procedures for heat treating four specific alloy steels (4037, 4037H; 4140, 4140H; 4340, 4340; and E52100) are subsequently presented. The chapter concludes with a brief account of austempering and martempering treatments.

The technology of fabricating composite hardware and structures by filament winding has evolved empirically through the development and manufacturing of specific components. This chapter reviews areas of technology used in building composite parts and discusses the processes from which the current technology was derived. The discussion covers quality control requirements for composite fabrication technology and cleanliness standards in the workplace. It describes technology developed for specific components, including satellites struts, aircraft hydraulic cylinders, drill pipe, drive shafts, couplings, and cryogenic tubing.