Search Results for Ship plate

From canoes to catamarans, aluminum is used for a variety of marine applications. Fishing boats, pontoon boats, ferries, oceangoing liners, and military vessels all benefit from the weight savings, corrosion resistance, and weldability of aluminum products. This chapter shows examples of aluminum boat construction. It presents important issues with the 5xxx shipbuilding alloys, such as corrosion. The chapter also presents the benefits of using aluminum in marine applications.

This chapter presents the history of the Gateway Arch.

This chapter describes some common pitfalls encountered in failure investigations and provides guidance to help engineers recognize processes and “quick fixes” that companies often try to substitute for failure analysis. It discusses three important skills and characteristics that a professional engineer must improve to conduct an effective and successful failure investigation, namely technical skills, communication skills, and technical integrity. The chapter also provides information on the additional basic tools available for failure investigation and root cause determination: the Kepner-Tregoe structured problem-solving method, PROACT software for root cause analysis developed by the Reliability Center, Inc., and other processes and methods developed by the Failsafe Network, Inc., and Shainin LLC.

The mechanical behavior of a material, in the most practical sense, is how it deforms or breaks under load; in other words, how it responds when stressed. This chapter provides a brief review of the properties associated with mechanical behavior, including stress, strain, elasticity, plastic deformation, ductility, hardness, creep, fatigue, and fracture. It also describes the primary components of a Charpy impact tester and the role they serve.

This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.

This chapter describes the ferritic microstructures that form in carbon steels under continuous cooling conditions. It begins with a review of the Dubé classification system for crystal morphologies. It then explains how cooling-rate-induced changes involving carbon atom diffusion and the associated rearrangement of iron atoms produce the wide variety of morphologies and microstructures observed in ferrite. The chapter also describes a classification system developed specifically for ferritic microstructures and uses it to compare common forms of ferrite, including polygonal or equiaxed ferrite, Widmanstatten ferrite, quasi-polygonal or massive ferrite, acicular ferrite, and granular ferrite.

This chapter provides an overview of the rolling and finishing processes required to create a sheet, plate, or foil product from a direct chill (DC) cast ingot. The flow paths, equipment, and operations are described with a view to the basic evolution of the microstructure, surface characteristics, and dimensions.

Most of the counterfeit parts detected in the electronics industry are either novel or surplus parts or salvaged scrap parts. This article begins by discussing the type of parts used to create counterfeits. It discusses the three most commonly used methods used by counterfeiters to create counterfeits. These include relabeling, refurbishing, and repackaging. The article presents a systematic inspection methodology that can be applied for detecting signs of possible part modifications. The methodology consists of external visual inspection, marking permanency tests, and X-ray inspection followed by material evaluation and characterization. These processes are typically followed by evaluation of the packages to identify defects, degradations, and failure mechanisms that are caused by the processes (e.g., cleaning, solder dipping of leads, reballing) used in creating counterfeit parts.

This chapter discusses the role of failure analysis in cases involving product liability, property damage, and personal injury litigation. It also explains how material science and technology shed light on criminal activities such as smuggling, counterfeiting, theft, and the willful destruction of property.

This chapter reviews the nomenclature of different vehicle components helpful in identifying the target applications and discusses the implementation of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) in automotive and nonautomotive industries. In addition, the chapter provides information on the utilization and trends of AHSS in vehicle bodies and closures.

This chapter discusses the formation and growth of various integrated steel companies from 1901 to 1959, namely the United States Steel Corporation, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and a few of the notable smaller steel companies. The chapter discusses labor unrest and the growth of organized labor in the steel industry in the twentieth century.

The hot-working process extrusion is used to produce semifinished products in the form of bar, strip, and solid sections, as well as tubes and hollow sections. The first part of this chapter describes the composition, properties, and applications of tin and lead extruded products with a deformation temperature range of 0 to 300 deg C and magnesium and aluminum extruded products with a working temperature range of 300 to 600 deg C. The second part focuses on copper alloy extruded products, extruded titanium alloy products, and extruded products in iron alloys with a working temperature range of 600 to 1300 deg C.

This article is intended to help engineers understand why the fatigue behavior of weldments can be such a confusing and seemingly contradictory topic and hopefully to clarify this complex subject. It first reexamines the factors influencing the fatigue behavior of an individual weldment using extensive experimental data and a computer model that simulates the fatigue resistance of weldments. Next, the process of fatigue in weldments is discussed in general terms, and the service conditions that favor long crack growth and the conditions that favor crack nucleation are contrasted. The article then presents experimental data that show the effect of weldment geometry on fatigue resistance. Several useful geometry classification systems are compared. Finally, a computer model is employed to investigate the behavior of two hypothetical weldments: a discontinuity-containing ("Nominal") weldment and a discontinuity-free ("Ideal") weldment.

A brittle fracture occurs at stresses below the material's yield strength (i.e., in the elastic range of the stress-strain diagram). This chapter focuses on brittle fracture in metals and, more specifically, ferrous alloys. It lists the factors that must all be present simultaneously in order to cause brittle fracture in a normally ductile steel. The chapter then discusses the macroscale characteristics and microstructural aspects of brittle fracture. A summary of the types of embrittlement experienced by ferrous alloys is presented. The chapter concludes with a brief section providing information on mixed fracture morphology.

This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of copper alloys. It describes the compositions and forms of copper available and their suitability for applications involving friction, different types of erosion, and adhesive and abrasive wear.

This chapter is an account of the various events that led to the decline of the integrated steel industry during the 1950s. These include the steel strike of 1959, the improvements in technology and increase in imports since 1950s, widespread closures of steel companies, the decline of the minimill industry, and the rapid growth of Mittal Steel.

Ferritic nitrocarburizing accomplishes surface treatment of a part in the ferrite region of the iron-carbon equilibrium diagram. This chapter presents the history and process benefits of ferritic nitrocarburizing.

This chapter covers a wide range of finishing and coating operations, including cleaning, honing, polishing and buffing, and lapping. It discusses the use of rust-preventative compounds, conversion coatings, and plating metals as well as weld overlay, thermal spray, and ceramic coatings and various pack cementation and deposition processes. It also discusses the selection and use of industrial paints and paint application methods.