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Segregations
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
.... It explains how steel shrinks as it solidifies, causing issues such as pipe and voids, and how differences in the solubility of solid and liquid steel lead to compositional heterogeneities or segregation. It describes the dendritic nature of solidification, peritectic and eutectic reactions, microporosity...
Abstract
Many of the structural characteristics of steel products are a result of changes that occur during solidification, particularly volume contractions and solute redistribution. This chapter discusses the solidification process and how it affects the quality and behaviors of steel. It explains how steel shrinks as it solidifies, causing issues such as pipe and voids, and how differences in the solubility of solid and liquid steel lead to compositional heterogeneities or segregation. It describes the dendritic nature of solidification, peritectic and eutectic reactions, microporosity, macro- and microsegregation, and hot cracking, as well as the effects of solidification and remelting on castings, ingots, and continuous cast products. It explains how to determine where defects originate in continuous casters and how to control alumina, sulfide, and nitride inclusions.
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in Structural Steels and Steels for Pressure Vessels, Piping, and Boilers
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 14.42 Coarse-grained area in a segregated region from Fig. 14.41 . The segregated regions, darker in the image, have bainite and in some cases MA in their microstructure. The nonsegregated regions present bainitic microstructure. Hardness in the segregated regions has reached 401 HV
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![Schematic of the peripheral <span class="search-highlight">segregation</span> mechanism [ Bux 77 ]](https://asm.silverchair-cdn.com/asm/content_public/books/157/parts/t69980141/3/s_t69980141-f18.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=Bpc2BJR1Jyp~GM57n36TWZpnCHYvtirma8T6utOgjwjUfTDbm34OyuLOaijywqbMDNV1P9Nkig8pX1GN3rG5kdupaDLkXujtgX~A5UDYjiTyhtipcbyPkfzrz0o2-A8u0ZaBEcOwfIt7gTQhx0xWiAsAkc3RS9QPuyCAUuiauL0PCfUEK~TIN~~njeYYSAV041Hobd2GlGQPNeq00RDBWxZlG1Bd2BJAxRVxbyu-WOvk1XKQBpvhYsaQWxKkl501m~NvQGHeF9-5lIQoIlcn3OeiEJVjp3pZfqfLlWPCRp2NdxXFvEEBftVfnEW0VuzPrcZUcrrE4ovUQItITOLWSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 4.18 Schematic of the peripheral segregation mechanism [ Bux 77 ]
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Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 4.19 Examples of types of peripheral segregation. (a) Sweating beads. (b) Lap segregations. Casting direction downward. The width is approximately 0.75 mm
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Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 5.25 Chromium and nickel segregation around a dendrite cross. Melt composition: 0.36C, 0.35Si, 0.68Mn, 1.48Cr, 1.44Ni, 0.20Mo. Source: Ref 47
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Published: 01 March 2000
Fig. 24 Inverse segregation in 6.7 in. (171 mm) 6063 billet. Source: Ref 28
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 11.6 Transverse cross section of a forged rail axis. Segregated regions originated from the “A” segregates in the original ingot can be seen (in the transverse section they appear as dark “dots”). The outer region (around 30 mm, or 1.2 in.) is homogeneous, and there are practically
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 11.7 Transverse cross section of a forged rail axis. The segregated areas originated from the “A” segregates are less pronounced than in Fig. 11.6 . These comparisons can only be performed if the parts are prepared and etched in exactly the same conditions. Etchant: hot hydrochloric acid
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 11.11 Longitudinal cross section of the axis of Fig. 11.10 . The segregation has been aligned by hot working, creating the aspect of fibers. This indicates a high degree of deformation in hot working. Etchant: iodine.
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 11.13 Sulfur print from the same region as Fig. 11.12 . The “A” segregates are visible in the print. The higher homogeneity of the product in the region between the surface and the “A” segregates when compared to the region between these segregates and the central region of the plate
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in Austenitization of Steels
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 6-14 Schematic illustration of the formation of ingot segregation. (From same source as Fig. 6-10 )
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 7.10 Segregation morphologies in aluminum-killed steel ingot. Source: Ref 1
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 22.15 Carbide segregation at center of M2 round bars of various diameters. (a) 27 mm ( 1 1 6 in.). (b) 67 mm ( 2 5 8 in.). (c) 105 mm ( 4 1 8 in.). Original magnification: 100×. Source: Ref 5
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in Life Assessment of Steam-Turbine Components
> Damage Mechanisms and Life Assessment of High-Temperature Components
Published: 01 December 1989
Fig. 6.26. Correlation of ΔFATT with phosphorus segregation, based on Auger analysis, for Cr-Mo-V steel ( Ref 55 ).
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Published: 01 April 2013
Fig. 1 Microstructural bonding due to chemical segregation and mechanical working. Source: Ref 1
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Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 18.1 (a) Radiograph showing extensive segregation resulting from rapid cooling in a 23 by 23 cm vertical section in the bottom of an ingot. Note: Lighter regions are higher-density regions. (b) Sketch of equivalent section showing different regions discussed. Source: Krenzer 1979
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Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 23 Grain-boundary segregation measurements in Alloy 600 and type 304 stainless steel. Shown are auger electron spectroscopy measurements of phosphorus segregation in the two alloys as compared with model prediction for phosphorus segregation in nickel.
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in Mechanisms of Stress-Corrosion Cracking[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 1.25 Grain-boundary segregation measurements in alloy 600 and type 304 stainless steel. Shown are Auger electron spectroscopy measurements of phosphorus segregation in the two alloys as compared to the model prediction for phosphorus segregation in nickel.
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 1-21 Examples of segregation associated with central bursts in extruded AISI 1141 modified steel. The streaks, which consist of martensite, have a hardness of 46 to 58 HRC (Rockwell hardness on the C scale) while the matrix hardness is less than 20 HRC.
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 1-22 Macroetching with 10% nital was used to reveal carbide segregation in polished sections from various sizes of rounds of T1 high-speed tool steel. (Diameters in inches below sections.)
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