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Segregation
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
.... It explains how steel shrinks as it solidifies, causing issues such as pipe and voids, and how differences in the solubility of solid and liquid steel lead to compositional heterogeneities or segregation. It describes the dendritic nature of solidification, peritectic and eutectic reactions, microporosity...
Abstract
Many of the structural characteristics of steel products are a result of changes that occur during solidification, particularly volume contractions and solute redistribution. This chapter discusses the solidification process and how it affects the quality and behaviors of steel. It explains how steel shrinks as it solidifies, causing issues such as pipe and voids, and how differences in the solubility of solid and liquid steel lead to compositional heterogeneities or segregation. It describes the dendritic nature of solidification, peritectic and eutectic reactions, microporosity, macro- and microsegregation, and hot cracking, as well as the effects of solidification and remelting on castings, ingots, and continuous cast products. It explains how to determine where defects originate in continuous casters and how to control alumina, sulfide, and nitride inclusions.
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 11.11 Longitudinal cross section of the axis of Fig. 11.10 . The segregation has been aligned by hot working, creating the aspect of fibers. This indicates a high degree of deformation in hot working. Etchant: iodine.
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in Engineered Special Bar Quality Steel (Engineering Steels)
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 15.36 Transverse cross sections of rails with different levels of segregation at the center of the web. Etchant: hot hydrochloric acid. Courtesy of M. Oliveira and M. Talarico, CETEC, MG, Brazil.
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Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 23 Grain-boundary segregation measurements in Alloy 600 and type 304 stainless steel. Shown are auger electron spectroscopy measurements of phosphorus segregation in the two alloys as compared with model prediction for phosphorus segregation in nickel.
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Published: 01 April 2013
Fig. 1 Microstructural bonding due to chemical segregation and mechanical working. Source: Ref 1
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Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 18.1 (a) Radiograph showing extensive segregation resulting from rapid cooling in a 23 by 23 cm vertical section in the bottom of an ingot. Note: Lighter regions are higher-density regions. (b) Sketch of equivalent section showing different regions discussed. Source: Krenzer 1979
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in Melting, Casting, and Powder Metallurgy[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 8.6 Typical tree ring segregation found in the transverse section of a Ti-6Al-4V billet caused by periodic melting irregularity. Much of the billet forging was performed with a square shape and accounts for the noncircular pattern. Original magnification: 1×
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Published: 01 March 2000
Fig. 24 Inverse segregation in 6.7 in. (171 mm) 6063 billet. Source: Ref 28
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Published: 01 March 2012
Fig. B.9 Segregation in killed steel ingot. Source: Ref B.1 as published in Ref B.2
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Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 5 Segregation banding in hot rolled steel that originated from the ingot. (a) Longitudinal section through a hot-rolled 1041 steel bar showing a carbon-rich centerline (dark horizontal bands) that resulted from segregation in the ingot. Picral. Original magnification: 3×. Courtesy of J.R
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Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 5.25 Chromium and nickel segregation around a dendrite cross. Melt composition: 0.36C, 0.35Si, 0.68Mn, 1.48Cr, 1.44Ni, 0.20Mo. Source: Ref 47
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![Schematic of the peripheral <span class="search-highlight">segregation</span> mechanism [ Bux 77 ]](https://asm.silverchair-cdn.com/asm/content_public/books/157/parts/t69980141/3/s_t69980141-f18.png?Expires=2147483647&Signature=Bpc2BJR1Jyp~GM57n36TWZpnCHYvtirma8T6utOgjwjUfTDbm34OyuLOaijywqbMDNV1P9Nkig8pX1GN3rG5kdupaDLkXujtgX~A5UDYjiTyhtipcbyPkfzrz0o2-A8u0ZaBEcOwfIt7gTQhx0xWiAsAkc3RS9QPuyCAUuiauL0PCfUEK~TIN~~njeYYSAV041Hobd2GlGQPNeq00RDBWxZlG1Bd2BJAxRVxbyu-WOvk1XKQBpvhYsaQWxKkl501m~NvQGHeF9-5lIQoIlcn3OeiEJVjp3pZfqfLlWPCRp2NdxXFvEEBftVfnEW0VuzPrcZUcrrE4ovUQItITOLWSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA)
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 4.18 Schematic of the peripheral segregation mechanism [ Bux 77 ]
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Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 4.19 Examples of types of peripheral segregation. (a) Sweating beads. (b) Lap segregations. Casting direction downward. The width is approximately 0.75 mm
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 1-21 Examples of segregation associated with central bursts in extruded AISI 1141 modified steel. The streaks, which consist of martensite, have a hardness of 46 to 58 HRC (Rockwell hardness on the C scale) while the matrix hardness is less than 20 HRC.
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 1-22 Macroetching with 10% nital was used to reveal carbide segregation in polished sections from various sizes of rounds of T1 high-speed tool steel. (Diameters in inches below sections.)
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in Mechanisms of Stress-Corrosion Cracking[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 1.25 Grain-boundary segregation measurements in alloy 600 and type 304 stainless steel. Shown are Auger electron spectroscopy measurements of phosphorus segregation in the two alloys as compared to the model prediction for phosphorus segregation in nickel.
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Published: 01 June 2008
Fig. 7.10 Segregation morphologies in aluminum-killed steel ingot. Source: Ref 1
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in Steel Heat Treatment Failures due to Quenching
> Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 40 (a) Representative view of the chemical segregation (banding). Etched with 2% nital. Original magnification: 50×. (b) Higher magnification of the microstructure showing tempered martensite and bainite. Etched with 2% nital. Original magnification: 400×
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 11.8 Longitudinal sections illustrating carbide segregation at the center of M2 round bars of various diameters. (a) 27 mm (1 1/16 in.). (b) 67 mm (2 5/8 in.). (c) 105 mm (4 1/8 in.). Original magnification: 100×. Source: Ref 11.9
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in Primary Processing Effects on Steel Microstructure and Properties
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 9.20 Remnants of interdendritic segregation in 10V45 steel hot rolled to reduction ratios of (a) 7:1, (b) 10:1, (c) 27:1, and (d) 49:1. Transverse sections, picric acid-sodium tridecylbenzene etch, light micrographs. Courtesy of J. Dyck. Source: Ref 9.58
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