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Kenneth G. Budinski, Steven T. Budinski
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Rolling-contact wear
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Book Chapter
Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of the particular wear problem. Erosive Wear Erosive wear (or erosion) occurs when particles in a fluid or other carrier slide and roll at relatively high velocity against a surface. Each particle contacting the surface cuts a tiny particle from the surface. Individually, each particle removed...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the causes and effects of wear along with prevention methods. It covers abrasive, erosive, erosion-corrosion, grinding, gouging, adhesive, and fretting wear. It also discusses various forms of contact-stress fatigue, including subsurface-origin fatigue, surface-origin fatigue, subcase-origin fatigue (spalling fatigue), and cavitation fatigue.
Book Chapter
Principles of Friction and Wear
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... encountered, that is, sliding, impact, and rolling contact ( Fig. 2 ). Budinski reduces wear processes into four categories, that is, abrasion, erosion, adhesion, and surface fatigue ( Fig. 3 ). Although both of the wear classifications schemes shown in Fig. 2 and 3 have merit, they also point out...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of friction and the factors that must be considered when determining its effect on moving bodies in contact. It provides an extensive amount of friction data, including static and kinetic friction coefficients for numerous combinations of engineering materials and coatings. It also describes the causes and effects of the most common forms of wear, the conditions under which they occur, the role of lubrication, and wear testing methods.
Book Chapter
Types of Wear and Erosion and Their Mechanisms
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... Abstract This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling...
Abstract
This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling, fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology.
Book Chapter
The Mechanisms and Manifestations of Friction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... in ASM Handbook , Volume 18, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology ( Ref 2 ) can be employed to calculate real areas of contact, but doing so quickly shows how surfaces deform under ball or line contacts so that even one portion of a ball contact in a ball bearing experiences pure rolling...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the types of friction that are of concern in tribological systems along with their associated causes and effects. It discusses some of the early discoveries that led to the development of friction laws and the understanding that friction is a system effect that can be analyzed based on energy dissipation. It describes the stick-slip behavior observed in wiper blades, the concept of asperities, and the significance of the shape, lay, roughness, and waviness of surfaces in sliding contact. It explains how friction forces are measured and how they are influenced by speed, load, and operating environment. It also covers rolling contact and fluid friction and the effect of lubrication.
Book Chapter
Modes of Gear Failure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1985
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sagf.t63420085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-452-9
... Abstract This chapter presents a detailed discussion on the three most frequent gear failure modes. These include tooth bending fatigue, tooth bending impact, and abrasive tooth wear. Tooth bending fatigue includes surface contact fatigue (pitting), rolling contact fatigue, contact fatigue...
Abstract
This chapter presents a detailed discussion on the three most frequent gear failure modes. These include tooth bending fatigue, tooth bending impact, and abrasive tooth wear. Tooth bending fatigue includes surface contact fatigue (pitting), rolling contact fatigue, contact fatigue (spalling), thermal fatigue, and shaft fatigue. Tooth bending impact includes tooth shear, tooth chipping, case crushing, and torsional shear.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.9781627084598
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
Book Chapter
Wear
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
..., the characteristics of contact surfaces, and loading forces imposed by the process. It describes the nature of metal transfer between tool and workpiece surfaces and the role of lubricants, coatings, and textures. It also discusses the use of wear maps, the effects of adhesion, and material-lubricant interactions...
Abstract
This chapter covers the different types of wear encountered in metalworking processes. It discusses the mechanisms involved in adhesive, abrasive, chemical, and fatigue wear and key contributing factors, including the composition and structure of tool and workpiece materials, the characteristics of contact surfaces, and loading forces imposed by the process. It describes the nature of metal transfer between tool and workpiece surfaces and the role of lubricants, coatings, and textures. It also discusses the use of wear maps, the effects of adhesion, and material-lubricant interactions.
Book Chapter
Wear Failures—Fatigue
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... of hardened steel gears, rolling-element bearings, roller cams, and other parts or assemblies where there is a combination of rolling and sliding motion. The parts subject to wear fatigue failure generally have two convex, or counterformal, surfaces in contact under load. Typical components...
Abstract
The wear caused by contact stress fatigue is the result of a wide variety of mechanical forces and environments. This chapter discusses the characteristics of four types of contact stress fatigue on mating metal surfaces: surface, subsurface, subcase, and cavitation. Features and corrective actions for these contact stress fatigue are discussed. The chapter also lists some possible ways to reduce the cavitation fatigue problem.
Book Chapter
Rolling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... the friction and wear that occur in hot and cold rolling under hydrodynamic and mixed-film lubrication; the influence of viscosity, film thickness, rolling speed, interface pressure, pass reduction, and lubricant breakdown; and the effect of surface finish and defects. The chapter also provides best practices...
Abstract
Rolling is unique in that it cannot be conducted without friction. Friction draws the workpiece into the roll gap and facilitates its passage through the deformation zone. This chapter provides an overview of the mechanics and tribology of flat rolling processes and explains how various aspects of the theory apply to shape rolling as well. It derives numerous equations and models to help quantify the forces, torque, and power involved in rolling operations and the associated heating, slip, strain distribution, and deformation in both the workpiece and rolls. It describes the friction and wear that occur in hot and cold rolling under hydrodynamic and mixed-film lubrication; the influence of viscosity, film thickness, rolling speed, interface pressure, pass reduction, and lubricant breakdown; and the effect of surface finish and defects. The chapter also provides best practices for evaluating, applying, and treating lubricants for industrially important materials including iron-base, nickel-base, and aluminum alloys.
Book Chapter
Measurement Techniques
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... critical distinction between additives is possible, and tendencies for wear become more evident. (c) Velocity interacts with contact geometry, and speed can be intentionally changed: slowing down results in shifting toward the boundary regime, thus revealing additive effects and wear, whereas speeding...
Abstract
This chapter provides a practical overview of the tools and techniques used to assess the tribological aspects of metal forming processes. It describes test methods that have been developed to evaluate bulk deformation and sheet metal forming processes along with lubricant rheology, friction forces, and stress and strain distributions. It explains how to measure temperature between tooling and workpiece surfaces as well as surface topography and composition, film thickness, and wear. It also discusses the benefits of reduced-scale and simulation testing and the transfer of results from one process to another.
Book Chapter
Tribotesting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... or device fail. Electronics manufacturers are doing their best to eliminate all tribosystems that involve materials in sliding contact. Switches used to have sliding members (a tribosystem) that was subject to the vicissitudes of friction and wear. Now, many switches work by infrared sensing or some...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes and procedures involved in tribotesting, the significance of test parameters and conditions, and practical considerations including test metrics and measurements and the interpretation of wear damage. It also describes the different types of erosion tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing.
Book Chapter
Gear Failure Modes and Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... failure analysis. contact fatigue failure analysis fatigue failure gears macropitting micropitting rolling-contact fatigue scuffing spalling stress rupture subcase fatigue thermal fatigue wear GEARS can fail in many different ways, and except for an increase in noise level...
Abstract
Gears can fail in many different ways, and except for an increase in noise level and vibration, there is often no indication of difficulty until total failure occurs. This chapter begins with the classification of gear failure modes, followed by sections discussing the characteristics of various fatigue failures. Then, it provides information on the modes of impact fractures, wear, scuffing, and stress rupture. Next, the chapter describes the causes of gear failures and discusses the processes involved in conducting the failure analysis. Finally, the chapter presents examples of gear failure analysis.
Book
Tribomaterials: Properties and Selection for Friction, Wear, and Erosion Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.9781627083232
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... transmission fluid. Bulk temperature, 90 °C (194 °F). Filter, 10 mm (nominal). Test speed, 1330 rpm. Phasing gear set, 16 tooth/56 tooth. Slide/roll ratio, 43%. Contact stress, 400 ksi. Load, 3000 lb. Test No. Specimen No. Test duration R a (a) λ (b) Wear (c) , in. Wear rate (d) Comments...
Abstract
Mechanical tests are performed to evaluate the durability of gears under load. The chapter first discusses the processes involved in the computations of stress for test parameters of gear. Next, the chapter reviews the four areas of specimen characterization of a test program, namely dimensional, surface finish texture, metallurgical, and residual stress. The following section presents the tests that simulate gear action, namely the rolling contact fatigue test, the single-tooth fatigue test, the single-tooth single-overload test, and the single-tooth impact test. Finally, the chapter describes the test procedures for surface durability (pitting), root strength (bending), and scoring (or scuffing) testing.
Book Chapter
The Durability of Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... between applied stresses and crack propagation in the part (see references for more detail). 16.1 The Many Faces of Wear Wear is mechanically induced surface damage that results in the progressive removal of material due to the relative motion between the subject surface and a contacting medium...
Abstract
Durability is a generic term used to describe the performance of a material or a component made from that material in a given application. In order to be durable, a material must resist failure by wear, corrosion, fracture, fatigue, deformation, and exposure to a range of service temperatures. This chapter covers several types of component and material failure associated with wear, temperature effects, and crack growth. It examines temperature-induced, brittle, ductile, and fatigue failures as well as failures due to abrasive, erosive, adhesive, and fretting wear and cavitation fatigue. It also discusses preventative measures.
Book Chapter
Dealing with Friction in Design Engineering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... would be rubbing all the time and they would fail from wear or rolling contact fatigue (pits and spalling in the balls and raceways). The life of the bearing would be only a fraction of the life lubricated. When properly lubricated and at the proper speed, the rollers and raceways do not touch...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of friction in the context of design. It explains how friction coefficients are determined and how they are used to make sizing and selection decisions. It covers practical issues associated with rolling friction, the use of lubricants, and the tribology of metal, ceramic, and polymer surfaces in contact. It also discusses the nature of rolling friction and provides helpful design guidelines.
Image
Major categories of wear classified by the type of relative motion encounte...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2001
Fig. 2 Major categories of wear classified by the type of relative motion encountered (sliding, impact, and rolling contact). Using this classification system, galling, scuffing, and scoring are not strictly considered forms of wear because material is not necessarily removed (it may instead
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Book Chapter
Gear Tribology and Lubrication
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... and units of measure used in this chapter to discuss friction, lubrication, and wear of gears Table 1 Nomenclature and units of measure used in this chapter to discuss friction, lubrication, and wear of gears Symbol Description Units B M Thermal contact coefficient lbf/(in. · s 0.5...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the knowledge of the field of gear tribology and is intended for both gear designers and gear operators. Gear tooth failure modes are discussed with emphasis on lubrication-related failures. The chapter is concerned with gear tooth failures that are influenced by friction, lubrication, and wear. Equations for calculating lubricant film thickness, which determines whether the gears operate in the boundary, elastohydrodynamic, or full-film lubrication range, are given. Also, given is an equation for Blok's flash temperature, which is used for predicting the risk of scuffing. In addition, recommendations for lubricant selection, viscosity, and method of application are discussed. The chapter discusses in greater detail the applications of oil lubricant. Finally, a case history demonstrates how the tribological principles discussed in the chapter can be applied practically to avoid gear failure.
Book Chapter
Wear Failures—Abrasive and Adhesive
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... on the rolling elements. The term false Brinelling is sometimes used to describe the indentations. However, the mechanism of failure actually is fretting wear. Fretting also is a serious problem on parts such as shafts, where it can initiate fatigue cracking on the contacting surfaces. In fact, many fatigue...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of the general characteristics and effects of and the methods for preventing or reducing different categories of wear failures, namely abrasive (erosive, grinding, and gouging), adhesive, and fretting wear.
Book Chapter
Surfaces and Friction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... of intimate contact; within a pairing, mutual attraction or adhesion may occur with consequences in terms of friction and wear. Figure 3.1: The die-workpiece interface on the (a) macro and (b) micro scales. The die temperature T D and workpiece temperature T W may have an initial value...
Abstract
This chapter examines the surface interactions that occur during metal forming operations at both the macroscopic and microscopic scale. It describes the measurement and characterization of surface profiles based on form error, waviness, and roughness. It explains how workpiece surfaces become rougher or smoother due to the effects of deformation, tooling interactions, and lubricant film thickness. It familiarizes readers with the concept of nominal contact, the role of asperities, and the effects of interface pressure, plasticity index, shear stress, and bulk strain rate. It also reviews the two basic friction rules applicable to metal forming and presents advanced friction models that account for the transition between Coulomb and Tresca behavior and the effects of lubrication.
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