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Rolling-contact wear
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of the particular wear problem. Erosive Wear Erosive wear (or erosion) occurs when particles in a fluid or other carrier slide and roll at relatively high velocity against a surface. Each particle contacting the surface cuts a tiny particle from the surface. Individually, each particle removed...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the causes and effects of wear along with prevention methods. It covers abrasive, erosive, erosion-corrosion, grinding, gouging, adhesive, and fretting wear. It also discusses various forms of contact-stress fatigue, including subsurface-origin fatigue, surface-origin fatigue, subcase-origin fatigue (spalling fatigue), and cavitation fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... encountered, that is, sliding, impact, and rolling contact ( Fig. 2 ). Budinski reduces wear processes into four categories, that is, abrasion, erosion, adhesion, and surface fatigue ( Fig. 3 ). Although both of the wear classifications schemes shown in Fig. 2 and 3 have merit, they also point out...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of friction and the factors that must be considered when determining its effect on moving bodies in contact. It provides an extensive amount of friction data, including static and kinetic friction coefficients for numerous combinations of engineering materials and coatings. It also describes the causes and effects of the most common forms of wear, the conditions under which they occur, the role of lubrication, and wear testing methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... debris. A common concept used in modeling of wear processes is that surfaces are perfectly flat and their surface texture can be described as asperities of differing heights; asperities are usually modeled as cones. People in contact mechanics can assign size and height to asperities on surfaces and use...
Abstract
This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling, fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... in ASM Handbook , Volume 18, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology ( Ref 2 ) can be employed to calculate real areas of contact, but doing so quickly shows how surfaces deform under ball or line contacts so that even one portion of a ball contact in a ball bearing experiences pure rolling...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the types of friction that are of concern in tribological systems along with their associated causes and effects. It discusses some of the early discoveries that led to the development of friction laws and the understanding that friction is a system effect that can be analyzed based on energy dissipation. It describes the stick-slip behavior observed in wiper blades, the concept of asperities, and the significance of the shape, lay, roughness, and waviness of surfaces in sliding contact. It explains how friction forces are measured and how they are influenced by speed, load, and operating environment. It also covers rolling contact and fluid friction and the effect of lubrication.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... of hardened steel gears, rolling-element bearings, roller cams, and other parts or assemblies where there is a combination of rolling and sliding motion. The parts subject to wear fatigue failure generally have two convex, or counterformal, surfaces in contact under load. Typical components...
Abstract
The wear caused by contact stress fatigue is the result of a wide variety of mechanical forces and environments. This chapter discusses the characteristics of four types of contact stress fatigue on mating metal surfaces: surface, subsurface, subcase, and cavitation. Features and corrective actions for these contact stress fatigue are discussed. The chapter also lists some possible ways to reduce the cavitation fatigue problem.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... or device fail. Electronics manufacturers are doing their best to eliminate all tribosystems that involve materials in sliding contact. Switches used to have sliding members (a tribosystem) that was subject to the vicissitudes of friction and wear. Now, many switches work by infrared sensing or some...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes and procedures involved in tribotesting, the significance of test parameters and conditions, and practical considerations including test metrics and measurements and the interpretation of wear damage. It also describes the different types of erosion tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... Failure mode Type of failure Fatigue Tooth bending, surface contact (pitting or spalling), rolling contact, thermal fatigue Impact Tooth bending, tooth shear, tooth chipping, case crushing, torsional shear Wear Abrasive, adhesive Stress rupture Internal, external List of contact...
Abstract
Gears can fail in many different ways, and except for an increase in noise level and vibration, there is often no indication of difficulty until total failure occurs. This chapter begins with the classification of gear failure modes, followed by sections discussing the characteristics of various fatigue failures. Then, it provides information on the modes of impact fractures, wear, scuffing, and stress rupture. Next, the chapter describes the causes of gear failures and discusses the processes involved in conducting the failure analysis. Finally, the chapter presents examples of gear failure analysis.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.9781627083232
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
...Example of rolling/sliding contact fatigue test data Table 1 Example of rolling/sliding contact fatigue test data Lubricant, automatic transmission fluid. Bulk temperature, 90 °C (194 °F). Filter, 10 mm (nominal). Test speed, 1330 rpm. Phasing gear set, 16 tooth/56 tooth. Slide/roll ratio, 43...
Abstract
Mechanical tests are performed to evaluate the durability of gears under load. The chapter first discusses the processes involved in the computations of stress for test parameters of gear. Next, the chapter reviews the four areas of specimen characterization of a test program, namely dimensional, surface finish texture, metallurgical, and residual stress. The following section presents the tests that simulate gear action, namely the rolling contact fatigue test, the single-tooth fatigue test, the single-tooth single-overload test, and the single-tooth impact test. Finally, the chapter describes the test procedures for surface durability (pitting), root strength (bending), and scoring (or scuffing) testing.
Image
Published: 01 March 2001
Fig. 2 Major categories of wear classified by the type of relative motion encountered (sliding, impact, and rolling contact). Using this classification system, galling, scuffing, and scoring are not strictly considered forms of wear because material is not necessarily removed (it may instead
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... between applied stresses and crack propagation in the part (see references for more detail). 16.1 The Many Faces of Wear Wear is mechanically induced surface damage that results in the progressive removal of material due to the relative motion between the subject surface and a contacting medium...
Abstract
Durability is a generic term used to describe the performance of a material or a component made from that material in a given application. In order to be durable, a material must resist failure by wear, corrosion, fracture, fatigue, deformation, and exposure to a range of service temperatures. This chapter covers several types of component and material failure associated with wear, temperature effects, and crack growth. It examines temperature-induced, brittle, ductile, and fatigue failures as well as failures due to abrasive, erosive, adhesive, and fretting wear and cavitation fatigue. It also discusses preventative measures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... would be rubbing all the time and they would fail from wear or rolling contact fatigue (pits and spalling in the balls and raceways). The life of the bearing would be only a fraction of the life lubricated. When properly lubricated and at the proper speed, the rollers and raceways do not touch...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of friction in the context of design. It explains how friction coefficients are determined and how they are used to make sizing and selection decisions. It covers practical issues associated with rolling friction, the use of lubricants, and the tribology of metal, ceramic, and polymer surfaces in contact. It also discusses the nature of rolling friction and provides helpful design guidelines.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... for unusual conditions Fig. 7 Probability of wear distress as a function of specific film thickness and pitch line velocity (in ft/min). Source: Ref 18 Fig. 9 Plot of contact temperature versus pinion roll angle for gear tooth geometry of scuffed gearset. Maximum T c , 226 °C (439 °F...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the knowledge of the field of gear tribology and is intended for both gear designers and gear operators. Gear tooth failure modes are discussed with emphasis on lubrication-related failures. The chapter is concerned with gear tooth failures that are influenced by friction, lubrication, and wear. Equations for calculating lubricant film thickness, which determines whether the gears operate in the boundary, elastohydrodynamic, or full-film lubrication range, are given. Also, given is an equation for Blok's flash temperature, which is used for predicting the risk of scuffing. In addition, recommendations for lubricant selection, viscosity, and method of application are discussed. The chapter discusses in greater detail the applications of oil lubricant. Finally, a case history demonstrates how the tribological principles discussed in the chapter can be applied practically to avoid gear failure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... on the rolling elements. The term false Brinelling is sometimes used to describe the indentations. However, the mechanism of failure actually is fretting wear. Fretting also is a serious problem on parts such as shafts, where it can initiate fatigue cracking on the contacting surfaces. In fact, many fatigue...
Image
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 5 Waves of detachment when an elastomer is slid against a hard and smooth surface. The rubber moves forward in the form of ripples of wave on its contact surface with a smooth and hard counterface. These so-called waves of detachment can produce wear in the form of rolls of detached
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
...- cles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being abraded. Compare with adhesive wear. accelerated corrosion test. Method designed to approximate, in a short time, the deteriorating effect under normal...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.9781627083157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... of a solid surface by the action of rubbing, sliding, or rolling in contact with another material or substance/ substances (Fig. 1.8). Fig. 1.8 Wear of a cam follower. There was no step in the outside diameter when it was new. Fig. 1.7 Scuf ng of a gear tooth 12 / Tribomaterials: Properties and Selection...
Abstract
This chapter provides information on the biennial International Wear of Materials Conference, which is the inspiration for this book. It reviews the fundamentals of tribology, tribosystems, and related terminology. The glossary at the end of this chapter is intended to familiarize readers with some of the fundamental tribology terms that will be repeated throughout this book.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... or Rolling Contact with Another Surface <xref rid="t68350195-ref1" ref-type="bibr">(Ref 1)</xref> If the part is in sliding or rolling contact with another engineering component then, even if it is lubricated, there is the likelihood of adhesive wear. Adhesive wear can occur in many engineering...
Abstract
This chapter provides helpful guidelines for selecting a surface treatment for a given application. It identifies important design factors and applicable treatments for common design scenarios, materials, and operating conditions. It explains why heat treatments and finishing operations may be required before or after processing and how to estimate or predict coating thickness, case depth, hardness, and the likelihood of distortion. It also addresses related issues and considerations such as part handling and fixturing, surface preparation and cleaning requirements, processability, aesthetics, and the influence of design features.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... wear occurs on hills and on curves where wheel flanges rub on the side of rails and wear both. Surface fatigue may be more of an issue than wear. Spalling from surface fatigue caused by repeated rolling contact can lead to rail fractures and derailments ( Fig. 8.6 ). Some tracks are locally flame...
Abstract
This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of carbon, alloy, and tool steels. It begins a review of commercially available shapes and forms. It then describes the metallurgy and microstructure of various designations and grades of each type of steel and explains how it affects their performance in adhesive and abrasive wear applications and in environments where they are subjected to solid particle, droplet, slurry, and cavitation erosion and fretting damage.
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