Fig. 8.45 Macrographs showing examples of residual pipe and/or secondary pipe in hot formed bars produced from conventional ingots. No etching. More

Fig. 3 Overview of pipe section. Cracking is visible on right end of the pipe at the toe of the weld. Courtesy of MEICharlton, Inc. More

Fig. 16 Comparison of last-pass heat sink welding pipe tests with reference pipe tests More

Fig. 5 (a) Stress-corrosion cracking of copper pipe under elastomeric insulation from an in-ground installation. (b) Micrograph of crack. Etched. 50×; More

Fig. 13 Section of ASTM A106 carbon steel pipe with wall severely damaged by hydrogen attack. The pipe failed after 15 months of service in hydrogen-rich gas at 34.5 MPa (5000 psig) and 320 °C (610 °F). (a) Overall view of failed pipe section. (b) Microstructure of hydrogen-attacked pipe near More

Fig. 15 Internal surface of carbon steel pipe section damaged by cavitation More

Fig. 16 Denickelification of cupronickel pipe exposed to a polluted marine estuary More

Fig. 7 Intergranular high-pH stress-corrosion crack in line pipe steel. Nital etchant. Original magnification: 400× More

Fig. 13 Pipe-to-soil potential measurement More

Fig. 7.28 Effect of a crack on the pattern of eddy-current flow in a pipe More

Fig. 16.4 Erosion pitting caused by turbulent river water flowing through copper pipe. The typical horseshoe-shaped pits point upstream. Original magnification: 0.5×. Source: Ref 16.2 More

Fig. 8.5 Pipe or shrinkage cavity in the top of an ingot. Longitudinal section. More

Fig. 8.6 Pipe in a small ingot. Etched. A hot crack starting at the bottom of the pipe and propagating between two grains can be seen. Copyright © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Reprinted with permission. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 11.17 (a) Cross section of rolled structural profiles with “residual pipe” (the bottom of the pipe—solidification contraction—in the conventional ingot was not completely eliminated from the rolled product). No etching. (b) Cross section of a structural profile rolled from iron obtained More

Fig. 4 Overview of pipe end. Ratchet marks and beach marks are clearly visible. Courtesy of MEI-Charlton, Inc. More

Fig. 7 Toe cracking on the flange side of the flange-to-pipe fillet weld, showing the weld metal, heat-affected zone, and unaffected base metal. Cracking occurred in the martensitic (white) heat-affected zone of the flange. More

Fig. 2 Effect of internal pressure on time-to-failure of polyethylene gas pipe at various temperatures. Ductile regime indicates yield failure. Slit regime indicates brittle failure. Source: Ref 10 More

Fig. 12 Constant tensile load test setup for polyethylene pipe. At upper left is close-up view of specimen in the fixture. The specimen is placed under load in a given environment in the metal can, which is fastened to the base of the assembly. Source: Ref 40 More

Fig. 2 Fatigue failure of a nonconductive polyvinyl chloride pipe imaged in the uncoated state using a low-pressure microscope. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 22 Brittle fracture surface of a polyethylene gas pipe showing rib marking at crack arrest. 14.5× More