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Nernst equation
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... theory as it pertains to corrosion resistance of stainless steels. The discussion provides an overview of electrochemical reactions, Faraday's law, the Nernst equation, galvanic versus electrochemical cells, corrosion tendency, and Pourbaix diagrams. corrosion stainless steel corrosion prevention...
Abstract
Corrosion is a key subject for more or less all classes of alloys that fall within the broad definition of stainless steels because these alloys were developed with the intention of preventing corrosion. This chapter provides an introduction to the fundamentals of electrochemical theory as it pertains to corrosion resistance of stainless steels. The discussion provides an overview of electrochemical reactions, Faraday's law, the Nernst equation, galvanic versus electrochemical cells, corrosion tendency, and Pourbaix diagrams.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
...) η = E ( i ) − E ′ where E(i) is the potential represented as a function of current density, i, and E′ is the equilibrium half-cell potential, which would exist with no current and can be calculated from the Nernst half-cell equation. In 1905, Tafel observed that for a number...
Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding electrode kinetics associated with corrosion. It presents a simple but useful theory relating kinetics to the polarization behavior of half-cell reactions. The theory is based on the observation that electrode potentials vary as a function of current density or charge transfer in a given area. The chapter explains how to measure and plot electrode potentials and currents and how to interpret the resulting polarization curves. It also discusses the effects of concentration gradients, explaining how they cause diffusion and, in some cases, produce changes in electrode potential.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
...+ ) plus two electrons (2 e − ) can be reduced to metallic iron (Fe). The Nernst equation, which is useful for determining the effect of ionic concentration on the electrode potential for such a reaction, is expressed as the following: (Eq 1) E = E 0 − R T n F ln ( red ) ( ox...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the principles of corrosion of metals in aqueous environments. The thermodynamics of aqueous corrosion is the subject of the first half of this chapter, which addresses concepts such as corrosion reactions and free-energy change, the relationship between free energy and electrochemical potential, the effect of ionic concentration on electrode potential, and the corrosion behavior of a metal based on its potential-pH diagram. The corrosion (potential-pH) behavior of iron, gold, copper, zinc, aluminum, and titanium are described. Understanding the kinetics of corrosion and the factors that control the rates of corrosion reactions requires examination of the concepts of polarization behavior and identification of the various forms of polarization in an electrochemical cell. These concepts, addressed in the remaining of this chapter, include anodic and cathodic reactions, the mixed-potential theory, and the exchange currents.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... and the RHE would be the metal, M. The Nernst Equation: Effect of Concentration on Half-Cell Potential <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="t65940023-ref3">(Ref 3,</xref> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="t65940023-ref6">6)</xref> Consider again the generalized electrochemical reaction: (Eq 2.62) xM + mX x...
Abstract
This chapter provides a thorough introduction to the electrochemical thermodynamics that govern electrode reactions associated with corrosion. It begins with a review of the thermodynamic criteria for the stability of chemical reactions based on Gibbs free energy and explains how energies of formation are determined using the oxidation of iron as an example. It then considers how iron reacts with hydrochloric acid, explaining how it can be expressed as two half reactions modeled as electrodes in an electrochemical cell. It goes on to describe the chemical reactions occurring at each electrode, accounting for different variables, mechanisms, and electrochemical effects. The chapter concludes with an in-depth review of Pourbaix diagrams, explaining what they reveal about the stability of metal-water systems and the formation of corrosion products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
...) O 2 + 2 H 2 O + 4 e − → 4 OH − and (Eq 4) 2 Fe ( s ) → 2 Fe 2 + + 4 e − The Nernst equation predicts an open circuit potential of, E rxn = E O 2 /OH - – E Fe 2+ /Fe where E O 2 / OH...
Abstract
Corrosion involves chemical reactions in equilibrium that that are understood through principles of thermodynamics. In practice, the rate at which corrosion reactions occur is the most important consideration. This chapter deals with corrosion kinetics, which allows engineers to to understand rates of corrosion. The discussion covers two kinetic processes, namely electrode reactions at the cathode and anode and conduction of ions in the electrolyte. The chapter also provides information on passivation and its effect on polarization diagrams.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... temperature change of the system. It has been studied for more than a century. Diverse needs have provided the impetus for this continuous study and development; specific heat experiments were used to verify Nernst’s statement of the third law of thermodynamics (entropy change approaches zero as temperature...
Abstract
Specific heat is a fundamental property that relates the total heat per unit mass added to a system to the resultant temperature change of the system. This chapter begins with the definition and historical development of specific heat. Thermodynamic and solid state relationships are presented which include discussions about lattice specific heat and the effects of magnetic and superconducting transitions. Data sources for practical applications and methods of estimating specific heat for materials are also included. The chapter concludes with a section concerning the measurement of specific heat at low temperatures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.9781627082501
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910497
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... electrochemical reactions are occur- ring. Also called galvanic couple potential. N Nernst equation. An equation that expresses the exact electromotive force of a cell in terms of the activities of products and reactants of the cell. Nernst layer. The diffusion layer at the surface of an electrode in which...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... – E′ M calculated by application of the Nernst equation) and the polarization behaviors of the anodic and cathodic reactions. The current distribution parameters are the relative geometries of the anodic and cathodic areas, the specific resistivity of the solution and any other resistances to current...
Abstract
This chapter develops a corrosion model that accounts for solution potentials and the effects of coupling between cathodic and anodic reactions. It begins by examining potential differences at various points (in the solution) along a path from the anode to the cathode area. It then presents a simple model of a galvanically coupled electrode, in which the metal is represented as an array of anode and cathode reaction surfaces. The chapter goes on to develop the related theory of mixed electrodes, showing how it can be used to predict corrosion rates based on measured potentials and current densities, polarization characteristics, and physical variables such as anode-to-cathode area ratios and fluid velocity. It also discusses the effect of corrosion inhibitors, galvanic coupling, and external currents, making extensive use of polarization curves.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.9781627082822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030380
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... in Table 6.1 (the section “Examples of Half-Cell Reactions and Nernst-Equation Calculations” in Chapter 2 provides discussions of half-cell-potential calculations). There are a number of factors that contribute to the selection of components and to the design of a satisfactory reference half cell...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the principles and procedures of electrochemical measurements used to investigate corrosion behaviors. It begins by presenting a diagram of a basic potentiostatic circuit, which consists of a working electrode and an auxiliary or counter electrode suspended in an electrolytic solution. It describes how corrosion potentials and current densities are measured and explains how to deal with various sources of error. It also explains how electrochemical impedance measurements are used and describes the underlying theory and procedures in some detail.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... in entropy. For processes taking place in a system in equilibrium with its surroundings, the change in entropy is defined as: (Eq 3.3) d S ≡ δ Q T ≡ d E + P d V T Third Law A principle advanced by Theodore Richards, Walter Nernst, Max Planck, and others, often called...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the principles of chemical thermodynamics are used in the construction and interpretation of phase diagrams. After a brief review of the laws of thermodynamics, it describes the concept of Gibbs free energy and its application to transformations that occur in single-component and binary solid solutions. It then examines the relationship between the free energy of a solution and the chemical potentials of the individual components. It also explains how to account for the heat of mixing using quasi-chemical models, discusses the effect of interatomic bond energies and chemical potentials, and shows how the equilibrium state of an alloy can be obtained from free-energy curves.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.9781627083027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... between the liquid and vapor, γ SV is the surface tension between solid and vapor, and θ is the contact angle of the liquid droplet on the solid surface. Equation 1.1 , known as the wetting or Young’s equation, shows that θ < 90° corresponds to the condition γ SV > γ SL . This imbalance...
Abstract
Soldering and brazing represent one of several types of methods for joining solid materials. These methods may be classified as mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, soldering and brazing, welding, and solid-state joining. This chapter summarizes the principal characteristics of these joining methods. It presents a comparison between solders and brazes. Further details on pressure welding and diffusion bonding are also provided. Key parameters of soldering are discussed, including surface energy and surface tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, surface roughness of components, dissolution of parent materials and intermetallic growth, significance of the joint gap, and the strength of metals. The chapter also examines the principal aspects related to the design and application of soldering processes.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
Abstract
Brazing and soldering jointly represent one of several methods for joining solid materials. This chapter summarizes the principal characteristics of the various joining methods. It then discusses key parameters of brazing including surface energy and tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, surface roughness of components, dissolution of parent materials, new phase formations, significance of the joint gap, and the strength of metals. The chapter also describes issues in processing aspects that must be considered when designing a joint, and the health, safety, and environmental aspects of brazing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.9781627083522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.9781627082860
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.9781627083485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed study of the localized corrosion behavior of steel, copper, and aluminum alloys. It applies the basic principles of electrochemistry, as well as materials science and solid and fluid mechanics, to explain the causes and effects of pitting, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. It describes the underlying mechanisms associated with each process and how they relate to the microstructure of the metal or alloy, the physical condition of the surface, and other factors such as the coupling of the metal to a dissimilar metal or surface film.