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Metal connecting rod
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Published: 01 February 2005
Fig. A.1 (a) Geometry of the connecting rod. (b) Directions of metal flow. (c) Representative sections and their simplification
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Image
in A Simplified Method to Estimate Forging Load in Impression-Die Forging
> Cold and Hot Forging: Fundamentals and Applications
Published: 01 February 2005
Fig. 15.7 Geometry, directions of metal flow and representative cross sections of a connecting rod: (a) cross-sectional views of the connecting rod, (b) directions of metal flow (A = axisymmetric, P = plane strain), (c) representative sections and their simplification
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... metal and the weld (Fig. CH8.4). Pertinent Speci cations The tie-rod is said to be made of 0.5% carbon steel. Visual Examination of General Physical Features Figure CH8.1 shows the broken tie-rod. A bracket was welded to the tie-rod to connect a hydraulic jack. The rod had fractured near one...
Abstract
A tie rod on a 70-ton aircraft towing tractor failed during a test run, fracturing near a welded bracket that connects to a hydraulic jack. This chapter discusses the failure and the investigation that followed. It presents a close-up view of the fracture surface showing what appears to be a brittle fracture that initiated from a zone of poor-quality weld. It also provides photographic evidence of a weld crack in the heat-affected zone and includes a drawing of a modified weld design that passed subsequent testing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... ·°K) Initial billet temperature, °F (°C) 2050 (1120) Initial die temperature, °F (°C) 400 (205) Fig. 15.7 Geometry, directions of metal flow and representative cross sections of a connecting rod: (a) cross-sectional views of the connecting rod, (b) directions of metal flow...
Abstract
This chapter presents a relatively simple method for estimating forging loads and flow stresses. The method uses the slab analysis technique and accounts for material properties, friction and heat transfer, press ram speed, forging geometry, and billet and die temperatures. The chapter demonstrates the use of the method and compares the results with measured values.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... center (BDC) position is essentially defined by the crank and pitman arm geometry. Because of their high stroking rate and low energy consumption, mechanical presses are the most common presses used in batch/mass production of sheet metal parts. The rated capacity (tonnage) of a mechanical press...
Abstract
The load-displacement capabilities of a mechanical press are determined largely by the design of its drive mechanism or, more precisely, the linkage through which the drive motor connects to the slide. This chapter discusses the primary types of linkages used and their effect on force, velocity, and stroke profiles. It begins by describing the simplest drive configuration, a crankshaft that connects directly to the slide, and a variation of it that uses eccentric gears to alter the stroke profile. It then discusses the effect of adding a fixed link, knuckle joint, or toggle to the slider-crank mechanism and how gear ratios, component arrangements, and other design parameters affect slide motion. The chapter also explains how to assess load and energy requirements, time-dependent characteristics, and dimensional accuracy and discusses overload protection, shutheight adjustment, and slide counterbalancing as well.
Image
in Case Studies of Induction Heating
> Handbook of Induction Soldering: Principles, Processing, and Applications
Published: 31 December 2024
Fig. 11.98 Brazed connection between a stainless heating rod and brass bushing that used partial melting of the bushing to provide the filler metal for the joint
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... Abstract This chapter details various induction soldering processes, including soldering with manually fed solder, soldering with filler metal (preplaced) preforms, soldering with solder coating, and soldering with an automated solder wire feeder. induction soldering solder filler metals...
Image
Published: 01 November 2013
Fig. 12 Closed-die forging with flash. (a) Schematic diagram with flash terminology. (b) Forging sequence in closed-die forging of connecting rods. Source: Ref 9 Definition In this process, a billet is formed (hot) in dies (usually with two halves) such that the flow of metal from
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... hand of the operator feeds the filler metal manually to the joint. A suction to remove fumes from the work area is also connected to the HHT. Fig. 11.16 (a) Brazing process performed on a stator using (b) a 50 kW mobile induction generator system that included a handheld transformer...
Abstract
This chapter explores case studies on using induction heating for joining applications, encompassing both soldering and brazing to demonstrate versatility. Each study focuses on inductor coil design, workpiece geometry, and production quantities, emphasizing optimization due to the interplay between material geometry, coil configuration, and process parameters like generator frequency and power. The case studies provide real-world data on effectively implementing induction heating in joining processes.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... and 3-D FE simulations were used extensively to analyze and optimize the metal flow in flashless forging of the connecting rod shown in Fig. 16.20(a) . In order to verify the applicability of the simulation results, physical modeling experiments were conducted using plasticine. Figure 16.20(b) shows...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of finite-element modeling in forging design. It describes key modeling parameters and inputs, mesh generation and computation time, and process modeling outputs such as metal flow, strain rate, loading profiles, and microstructure. It also includes a variety of application examples.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... hosed cylinders ( Ref 13.23 ). In a manifold system, nitrogen cylinders are attached to a metal plate that has a large-diameter metal hose connecting all the cylinders and acting as an accumulator ( Fig. 13.25 ) ( Ref 13.24 ). The metal plate has a control panel that allows charging and discharging...
Abstract
This chapter describes the various types of cushion systems used in forming presses and their effect on part quality. It begins with a review of the deep drawing process, explaining that wrinkling, tearing, and fracture are the result of excess or insufficient material flow, which can be prevented by maintaining the correct amount of holding force on the periphery of the blank. It then describes how blank holding force is generated in double-action presses and the extent to which displacement profiles can be adjusted on both the inner and outer slides. The discussion then turns to single-action presses that incorporate some type of cushion system. The chapters describes the many ways that cushion systems are implemented in forming presses and the force and displacement characteristics achievable with each method. It also explains how multipoint cushion systems are designed and how they facilitate uniform metal flow into the die cavity of large deep-drawn parts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... commonly, this is direct metal removal by the cutting action of high-velocity abrasive particles. Erosion failures (washouts) are seen in drill pipe when leaks (loose connections or a corrosion fatigue crack) allow drilling mud with fine particulates to flow through the wall under a high-pressure gradient...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the particular corrosion problems encountered and the methods of control used in petroleum production and the storage and transportation of oil and gas up to the refinery. It begins by describing those aspects of corrosion that tend to be unique to corrosion as encountered in applications involving oil and gas exploration and production. This is followed by a section reviewing the methods of corrosion control, namely the proper selection of materials, protective coatings, cathodic protection systems, use of inhibitors, use of nonmetallic materials, and control of the environment. The chapter ends with a discussion on the problems encountered and protective measures that are based on the state-of-the-art as practiced daily by corrosion and petroleum engineers and production personnel.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... and the formation of the head begins. The cold bar is continuously fed between the gripping electrodes (b), thus the metal accumulates continuously in the head. The anvil electrode is gradually retracted to give enough space for the formation of the head. As soon as sufficient quantity of metal is gathered...
Abstract
Prior to forging, it is often necessary to preform billet stock to achieve adequate material distribution. This chapter discusses the equipment used for such operations, including transverse rolling machines, electric upsetters, ring-rolling mills, horizontal presses, and rotary (orbital) and radial forging machines. It describes their basic operating principles as well as advantages and disadvantages.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.9781627083010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
..., and titanium alloys. impression-die forging process design 14.1 Introduction In impression-die forging, two or more dies are moved toward each other to form a metal billet that has a relatively simple geometry to obtain a more complex shape. Usually, the billet is heated to an appropriate...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors involved in the design of impression-die forging systems. It begins by presenting a flow chart illustrating the basic steps in the forging design process and a block diagram that shows how key forging variables are related. It then describes the requirements of various forging alloys, the influence of machine operating parameters, and production challenges related to lot tolerances and shape complexity. The chapter also covers the design of finisher dies, the prediction of forging stresses and loads, and the design of preform dies for steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... press is used for all current extrusion processes. Machines for the direct hot extrusion of light-metal alloys are mainly used for the extrusion of section (80%), tube (10%), and rod (<10%) in aluminum and aluminum alloys. The machines for direct hot extrusion of heavy metals, mainly copper...
Abstract
The machinery and equipment required for rod and tube extrusion is determined by the specific extrusion process. This chapter provides a detailed description of the design requirements and principles of machinery and equipment for direct and indirect hot extrusion. It then covers the presses and auxiliary equipment for tube extrusion, induction furnaces for billet processing, handling systems for copper and aluminum alloy products, extrusion cooling systems, and age-hardening ovens. Next, the chapter describes the principles and applications of equipment for the production of aluminum and copper billets. Then, it focuses on process control in both direct and indirect hot extrusion of aluminum alloys without lubrication. The chapter describes the technology of electrical and electronic controls in the extrusion process. It ends with a discussion on the factors that influence the productivity and quality of the products in the extrusion process and methods for process optimization.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030184
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... metals were immersed in the same acid and electrically connected ( Fig. 2b ), the reactions would become: Oxidation: Zn → Zn 2 + + 2 e − Reduction: 2 H + + 2 e − → H 2 Almost all of the oxidation...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of cathodic protection. It begins by discussing the fundamentals of cathodic protection followed by a description of the various types of cathodic protection. It then describes the origins, types, and alleged failures of cathodic protection criteria. This is followed by a section providing information on anode materials that are used for cathodic protection applications. General guidelines for designing the cathodic protection systems are also listed. Finally, the chapter presents various examples on cathodic protection of steel structures. The examples are selected to familiarize the design engineer with the steps to follow in selecting a specific corrosion-control method.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
... Bravais lattice Strukturbericht designation Prototype Parameter, mm Atoms number Si Cubic cF8 F d 3 ¯ m A4 Diamond 0.543 8 Covalent (strong) 3.56 Flat Al Cubic cF4 F m 3 ¯ m A1 Cu 0.405 4 Metallic (weak) 1.36 Rough Topography...
Abstract
This chapter serves as a study and guide on the main phase constituents of cast aluminum-silicon alloys, alpha-Al solid solution and Si crystals. The first section focuses on the structure of Al-Si castings in the as-cast state, covering the morphology of the alpha-Al solid solution grains and the process by which they form. It describes how cooling rates, temperature gradients, and local concentrations influence the topology of the crystallization front, and how they play a role in determining the morphology and dispersion degree of the grains observed in cross sections of cast parts. It also describes the mechanism behind dendritic grain crystallization and how factors such as surface tension, capillary length, and lattice symmetry affect dendritic arm size and spacing. The section that follows examines the morphology of the silicon crystals that form in aluminum-silicon castings and its effect on properties and processing characteristics. It discusses the faceted nature of primary Si crystals and the modification techniques used to optimize their shape. It also describes the morphology of the (alpha-Al + Si) eutectic, which can be lamellar or rodlike in shape, and explains how it can be modified through temperature control or alloy additions to improve properties such as tensile strength and plasticity and reduce shrinkage.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500289
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... Clinching is used extensively in the manufacturing of cars, household appliances, air conditioners, and other electronic and electrical products. The advantages of clinching include ( Ref 14.14 ): Low cost Can be used to connect sheet, profile, and die-cast parts Used up to sheet metal...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... the metal, as well as from applied stresses. Study of Chapter 4, “Residual Stresses,” in this book will help to clarify this extremely complex phenomenon. Distortion failures are serious because they can lead to other types of failure or may even cause complete collapse of structures, such as bridges...
Abstract
Distortion failures are readily identified by the inherent change in size and/or shape. They are serious because they can lead to other types of failure or may even cause complete collapse of structures, such as bridges, ladders, beams, and columns. Distortion failures may be classified in different ways. One way is to consider them either as dimensional distortion (growth or shrinkage) or as shape distortion (such as bending, twisting, or buckling). They may also be classified as being either temporary or permanent in nature. This chapter discusses the nature, causes, and effects of all of these types of failures as well as the methods to manage them.
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