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Low-carbon steel
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Image
in Annealing, Normalizing, Martempering, and Austempering
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 7-5 Microstructure of cold worked and annealed low carbon steel. A low-carbon sheet steel in the (a) as-cold rolled unannealed condition, (b) partially recrystallized annealed condition, and (c) fully recrystallized annealed condition. Marshall's etch. 1000 x (Adapted from B.L. Bramfitt
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Image
in Deformation, Strengthening, and Fracture of Ferritic Microstructures
> Steels<subtitle>Processing, Structure, and Performance</subtitle>
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 11.13 Low-strain portions of stress-strain curves of a low-carbon steel tested at various temperatures as shown. Source: Ref 11.6
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... This chapter discusses various alloying and processing approaches to increase the strength of low-carbon steels. It describes hot-rolled low-carbon steels, cold-rolled and annealed low-carbon steels, interstitial-free or ultra-low carbon steels, high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels, dual-phase...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various alloying and processing approaches to increase the strength of low-carbon steels. It describes hot-rolled low-carbon steels, cold-rolled and annealed low-carbon steels, interstitial-free or ultra-low carbon steels, high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels, dual-phase (DP) steels, transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, and martensitic low-carbon steels. It also discusses twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels along with quenched and partitioned (Q&P) steels.
Image
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 4.8 Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of low-carbon steel and iron-nickel alloys as a function of temperature. The low CTE of iron-nickel alloys exists only over a limited range of temperature. Normal expansion behavior is observed above about 400 °C (750 °F).
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Image
in Equilibrium Phases and Constituents in the Fe-C System
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 7.3 Extra low-carbon steel (Armco® iron). Ferrite grains and small nonmetallic inclusions. Etchant: aqua regia.
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Image
in Solidification, Segregation, and Nonmetallic Inclusions
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 8.17 Dendrite in low-carbon steel. SEM, SE, no etching. Courtesy of ArcelorMittal Tubarão, Brazil.
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Image
in Conventional Heat Treatments—Usual Constituents and Their Formation
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 9.76 Flowchart for the classification of constituents in low-carbon steel. The constituents are defined according to Table 9.4 . Source: Adapted from Ref 72
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Image
in Alteration of Microstructure
> Metallographer’s Guide<subtitle>Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels</subtitle>
Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 3.11 Microstructure of a cold-rolled, low-carbon steel sheet. Cold-worked (a) 30%, (b) 50%, (c) 70%, and (d) 90%. Marshall’s etch. 500×
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Image
Published: 01 June 2008
Image
Published: 01 December 2018
Fig. 6.16 Typical microstructures of low-carbon steel boiler tube samples showing (a) elongated grains near tensile rupture resulting from rapid overheating below the recrystallization temperature, 200×; and (b) mixed structure near rupture resulting from rapid overheating between Ac 1 and Ac
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Image
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 3.5 Inhomogeneous yielding of low carbon steel (a) and a linear polymer (b). After the initial stress maximum, the deformation in both materials occurs within a narrow band that propagates the length of the gage section before the stress rises again.
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Image
in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.22 Low carbon steel overheated in the austenitic single-phase field. Ferrite in an incomplete network and acicular ferrite. The incomplete ferrite network makes it possible to estimate the austenitic grain size prior to cooling (≅ 290 μm). This indicates the possibility of overheating
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Image
in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.83 Cross section, close to the surface of a low carbon steel bar pack carburized. Observe the increase in the carbon content and austenitic grain size at the surface (left), which resulted in the formation of acicular constituents during cooling. Etchant: nital.
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Image
in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.84 Cross section, close to the surface of a low carbon steel bar pack carburized after normalizing and tempering (from 770 °C, or 1420 °F). The carburized region, on the left, is martensitic. Etchant: nital.
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Image
in Hot Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 11.1 Changes in the yield stress of a low carbon steel (LC) and an interstitial free (IF) steel. The region corresponding to the phase transformation is indicated. Source: Ref 1
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in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.4 Macrograph of the longitudinal section of a low carbon steel bar presenting Lüders bands. Etchant: Fry.
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Image
in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.11 Low carbon steel sheet C = 0.06%, Mn = 0.55%, after cold working, in the work hardened state, prior to annealing. Very elongated grains of ferrite and cementite. Hardness: 95 HRB.
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Image
in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.15 The effect of annealing time and temperature on a low carbon steel hardness (C = 0.03%, Mn = 0.19%, Al = 0.13%) cold worked 84%, via cold rolling. For temperatures under 500 °C (930 °F), hardness is essentially independent from the structural changes for a long treatment time
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in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.16 (Part 1) The evolution of the microstructure of an extra low carbon steel (C = 0.011%, Mn = 0.193%) cold worked (90% reduction), annealed at different temperatures: (a) 540 °C (1000 °F), (b) 560 °C (1040 °F), (c) 580 °C (1075 °F), (d) 600 °C (1110 °F). (Remark: the α–γ
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Image
in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.16 (Part 2) The evolution of the microstructure of an extra low carbon steel (C = 0.011%, Mn = 0.193%) cold worked (90% reduction), annealed at different temperatures: (e) 680 °C (1255 °F), (f) 720 °C (1330 °F), (g) 760 °C (1400 °F). (h) The evolution of the ferritic grain size
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