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Book Chapter
Liquid Metal Corrosion and Embrittlement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080423
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... Abstract Liquid metals are frequently used as a heat-transfer medium because of their high thermal conductivities and low vapor pressures. Containment materials used in such heat-transfer systems are subject to molten metal corrosion as well as other problems. This chapter reviews the corrosion...
Abstract
Liquid metals are frequently used as a heat-transfer medium because of their high thermal conductivities and low vapor pressures. Containment materials used in such heat-transfer systems are subject to molten metal corrosion as well as other problems. This chapter reviews the corrosion behavior of alloys in molten aluminum, zinc, lead, lithium, sodium, magnesium, mercury, cadmium, tin, antimony, and bismuth. It also discusses the problem of liquid metal embrittlement, explaining how it is caused by low-melting-point metals during brazing, welding, and heat treating operations.
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The concentration of a solid metal in a liquid metal wetted by it changes i...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 April 2004
Fig. 1.19 The concentration of a solid metal in a liquid metal wetted by it changes in an inverse exponential manner with respect to time and is limited by the saturation concentration of the solid constituent in the liquid at that temperature.
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The concentration of a solid metal in a liquid metal wetted by it changes i...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2005
Fig. 1.20 The concentration of a solid metal in a liquid metal wetted by it changes in an inverse exponential manner with respect to time and is limited by the saturation concentration of the solid constituent in the liquid at that temperature.
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Published: 01 January 2022
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Liquid metal embrittlement of a low-alloy bolt plated with cadmium that fai...
Available to Purchase
in Overview of the Mechanisms of Failure in Heat Treated Steel Components
> Failure Analysis of Heat Treated Steel Components
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 36 Liquid metal embrittlement of a low-alloy bolt plated with cadmium that failed during service. Cadmium was found to have penetrated at the grain boundaries due to service above 230 °C. (a) Overall fracture surface. (b) SEM examination of fracture showing intergranular fracture. (c) X
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Evolution of liquid metal chemical composition during refining in a convert...
Available to Purchase
in Processes in Steel Production
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
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Feed of liquid metal into the conform system—combination of casting and def...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2006
Fig. 3.77 Feed of liquid metal into the conform system—combination of casting and deformation [ Lan 88 , Con 85 ]
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Comparison of liquid metal sumps. (a) AirSlip mold. (b) Conventional mold. ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2025
Fig. 5.29 Comparison of liquid metal sumps. (a) AirSlip mold. (b) Conventional mold. Courtesy of Wagstaff
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Solubilities of some metals in liquid mercury. Note: Columbium is the forme...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2007
Fig. 16.8 Solubilities of some metals in liquid mercury. Note: Columbium is the former (pre-1968) name of niobium. Source: Ref 40
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Surface tension, γ LV , of liquid elemental metals at their melting points ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2005
Fig. 1.14 Surface tension, γ LV , of liquid elemental metals at their melting points [ Howe 1993 ]
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Book Chapter
Environmentally Assisted Cracking
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... Abstract Environmentally assisted cracking is a generic term that includes various cracking phenomena such as stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue cracking, and liquid-metal embrittlement. This chapter describes these cracking mechanisms beginning with SCC and the factors...
Abstract
Environmentally assisted cracking is a generic term that includes various cracking phenomena such as stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), corrosion fatigue cracking, and liquid-metal embrittlement. This chapter describes these cracking mechanisms beginning with SCC and the factors that influence its formation. It covers alloy selection and mitigation techniques and includes examples of SCC in aircraft components. The chapter also addresses corrosion fatigue, explaining how different environments and operating conditions affect crack propagation, fatigue strength, and fatigue life. It includes information on liquid-metal embrittlement as well.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
..., and strain rate affect the SCC behavior of zirconium and its alloys. It describes environments known to induce SCC, including aqueous solutions, organic liquids, hot and fused salts, and liquid metals. It also discusses cracking mechanisms and SCC prevention and control techniques. stress-corrosion...
Abstract
Although zirconium resists stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) where many alloys fail, it is susceptible in Fe3+- and Cu2+-containing solutions, concentrated HNO3, halogen vapors, mercury, cesium, and CH3OH + halides. This chapter explains how composition, texture, stress levels, and strain rate affect the SCC behavior of zirconium and its alloys. It describes environments known to induce SCC, including aqueous solutions, organic liquids, hot and fused salts, and liquid metals. It also discusses cracking mechanisms and SCC prevention and control techniques.
Book Chapter
Metal Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... and slurry casting, liquid metal infiltration, spray deposition, powder metallurgy, extrusion, hot rolling, and forging. The chapter also provides information on continuous-fiber aluminum and titanium composites as well as particle-reinforced titanium and fiber metal (glass aluminum) laminates...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of metal matrix composites and the methods used to produce them. It begins with a review of the composition and properties of aluminum matrix composites. It then describes discontinuous composite processing methods, including stir and slurry casting, liquid metal infiltration, spray deposition, powder metallurgy, extrusion, hot rolling, and forging. The chapter also provides information on continuous-fiber aluminum and titanium composites as well as particle-reinforced titanium and fiber metal (glass aluminum) laminates.
Book Chapter
Steel Failures due to Tempering and Isothermal Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130285
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... of microstructural transformation. A section describing the types of embrittlement from tempering, along with mechanical tests for the determination of temper embrittlement (TE), is presented. Various factors involved in the interaction of the TE phenomenon with hydrogen embrittlement and liquid-metal embrittlement...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the causes and cases associated with the problems originated by tempering of steels. To provide background on this phenomenon, a brief description of the martensite reactions and the steel heat treatment of tempering is given to review the different stages of microstructural transformation. A section describing the types of embrittlement from tempering, along with mechanical tests for the determination of temper embrittlement (TE), is presented. Various factors involved in the interaction of the TE phenomenon with hydrogen embrittlement and liquid-metal embrittlement are also provided. The cases covered are grinding cracks on steel cam shaft and transgranular and intergranular crack path in commercial steels.
Book Chapter
Low Toughness and Embrittlement Phenomena in Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410439
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... shortness associated with copper and overheating and burning as occur during forging. It addresses various types of embrittlement, including quench embrittlement, tempered-martensite embrittlement, liquid-metal-induced embrittlement, and hydrogen embrittlement, and concludes with a discussion on high...
Abstract
This chapter describes the causes of cracking, embrittlement, and low toughness in carbon and low-alloy steels and their differentiating fracture surface characteristics. It discusses the interrelated effects of composition, processing, and microstructure and contributing factors such as hot shortness associated with copper and overheating and burning as occur during forging. It addresses various types of embrittlement, including quench embrittlement, tempered-martensite embrittlement, liquid-metal-induced embrittlement, and hydrogen embrittlement, and concludes with a discussion on high-temperature hydrogen attack and its effect on strength and ductility.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Resistance
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...-corrosion cracking, liquid metal embrittlement, and surface treatments. corrosion resistance crevice corrosion hydrogen embrittlement localized corrosion stress-corrosion cracking titanium alloys uniform corrosion Corrosion is a process that results in the degradation of a metal or an alloy...
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys are used chiefly for their high strength-to-weight ratio, but they also have excellent corrosion resistance, better even than stainless steels. Titanium, as the chapter explains, is protected by a tenacious oxide film that forms rapidly on exposed surfaces. The chapter discusses the factors that influence the growth and quality of this naturally passivating film, particularly the role of oxidizing and inhibiting species, temperature, and alloying elements. It also discusses the effect of different corrosion processes and environments as well as hydrogen, stress-corrosion cracking, liquid metal embrittlement, and surface treatments.
Book Chapter
Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Titanium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... composition, designation, and grade of nearly two dozen commercial titanium alloys and the different types of media (including oxidizers, organic compounds, hot salt, and liquid metal) in which SCC has been observed. It discusses the mechanical and metallurgical factors that influence SCC behavior...
Abstract
Titanium alloys are generally resistant to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), but under certain conditions, the potential for problems exists. This chapter identifies the types of service environments where titanium alloys have exhibited signs of SCC. It begins by describing the nominal composition, designation, and grade of nearly two dozen commercial titanium alloys and the different types of media (including oxidizers, organic compounds, hot salt, and liquid metal) in which SCC has been observed. It discusses the mechanical and metallurgical factors that influence SCC behavior and examines the cracking and fracture mechanisms that appear to be involved. The chapter also includes information on SCC test standards and provides detailed guidelines on how to prevent or mitigate the effects of SCC.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Solidification
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... dendrite arm spacing, and the factors that contribute to porosity and shrinkage. dendrite metal shrinkage porosity segregation solidification structures ALMOST ALL METALS AND ALLOYS are produced from liquids by solidification. Sometimes, the liquid metal is poured in a mold with a shape...
Abstract
The solidification process has a major influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of metal casting as well as wrought products. This appendix covers the fundamentals of solidification. It discusses the formation of solidification structures, the characteristics of planar, cellular, and dendritic growth, the basic freezing sequence for an alloy casting, and the variations in cooling rate, heat flow, and grain morphology in different areas of the mold. It also describes the types of segregation that occur during freezing, the effect of solidification rate on secondary dendrite arm spacing, and the factors that contribute to porosity and shrinkage.
Book Chapter
Solidification and Casting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract Almost all metals and alloys are produced from liquids by solidification. For both castings and wrought products, the solidification process has a major influence on both the microstructure and mechanical properties of the final product. This chapter discusses the three zones...
Abstract
Almost all metals and alloys are produced from liquids by solidification. For both castings and wrought products, the solidification process has a major influence on both the microstructure and mechanical properties of the final product. This chapter discusses the three zones that a metal cast into a mold can have: a chill zone, a zone containing columnar grains, and a center-equiaxed grain zone. Since the way in which alloys partition on freezing, it follows that all castings are segregated to different categories. The different types of segregation discussed include normal, gravity, micro, and inverse. The chapter also provides information on grain refinement and secondary dendrite arm spacing and porosity and shrinkage in castings. It concludes with a brief overview of six of the most important casting processes in industries: sand casting, plaster mold casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, and die casting.
Book Chapter
Solidification
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... solidified from the liquid in the first stages of their production. (Even objects made from powders fit this category, because almost all steel powder is produced from molten metal.) Consequently, the solidification process has an influence on the properties of all steel products. This process exerts...
Abstract
Engineering metals undergo many transformations in the course of production, none more critical than those that occur during solidification. This chapter discusses the process of solidification and its effects on the structure and properties of cast metals. It describes the relationship between cooling rate, grain size, grain shape, and phase structures. It explains how the transition from liquid to solid state creates the conditions under which microsegregation occurs, and how it impacts the distribution of alloying elements, carbides, and inclusions. The link between solidification and porosity is also discussed along with its detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of metal castings.
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