Fig. 11.58 Forging laps detected by surface crack examinations. Extensive decarburization of the lap region can be noticed when observing the reduction of the pearlite volume fraction. Etchant: nital 2%. Courtesy of M.M. Souza, Neumayer-Tekfor, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil. More

Fig. 12.51 Longitudinal cross section of fasteners presenting rolling folds or laps in different extents and locations. (a) Lap in the thread crest. (b) Lap close to the thread crest. (c) Lap in the thread root. More

Fig. 11.56 Forging lap in a bar of ASTM A564 UNS 17400 (17-4PH) stainless steel. Transverse cross section. (There is an etching stain close to the lap caused by liquid retained inside the lap during the preparation process). Etchant: 2000 ml H 2 O + 300 ml H 2 O 2 + 350 ml HCl + 50 ml HNO 3 More

Fig. 11.57 Forging lap. (a) Macrograph. (b) Ferrite, pearlite. Decarburization and oxides inside the discontinuity. Etchant: nital 2%. (c) Extensive decarburization and presence of oxides in the discontinuity. Etchant: nital 2%. Courtesy of M.M. Souza, Neumayer-Tekfor, Jundiaí, SP, Brazil. More

Fig. 11.59 Surface lap in hot rolled product, containing oxide particles inside the lap. For the metallography, the sample was mounted in contact with another plate (top, in the figure) to preserve the surface area to avoid rounding it during grinding and polishing. More

Fig. 16.2 Lap prediction using process modeling tool More

Fig. 6.18 Lap shear strength comparison of different joining methods. Source: Ref 2 More

Fig. 3.60 Typical locations for fretting fatigue cracking. (a) Bolted flange. (b) Lap joint. (c) Interference-fit fastener, shims, or gaskets can reduce fretting. More

Fig. 17 Voids resulting from lack of fill between the faying surfaces of a lap joint between two sheets of Hastelloy X brazed with BNi-1 filler metal. Unetched. 16.5 ×. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 23.15 Ultimate shear stress versus test temperature for lap-shear specimens of beryllium brazed to beryllium. Source: Marschall 1990 More

Fig. 23.30 Variations of lap joints for diffusion bonding. Source: Hauser et al. 1965 More

Fig. 24.3 Examples of possible shear-lap configurations. Source: Snogren 1970 More

Fig. 24.9 Illustrations of two mechanical fastener, shearloaded joints. (a) Lap joint. (b) Butt-type (or double-lap) joint. Source: Messler 1993b More

Fig. 6.12 Lap joining by (a) double-sided tool indentation and (b) single-sided tool indentation. Source: Ref 6.8 More

Fig. 8.5 Fastener cocking in single-lap shear. Source: Ref 8.2 More

Fig. 9.8 Typical single-lap shear test specimen. Source: Ref 9.1 More

Fig. 10.9 Fastener cocking in single-lap shear joint. Source: Ref 10.3 More

Fig. 10.18 Lap shear strength comparison of different joining methods. Source: Ref 10.5 More

Figure 6 Alignment of mounted sample from Figure 5 for flat lap process. More

Figure 7 Flat lap process. Note the bullseye shape of the Newton’s rings. Thickness varies by 15.5 µm from bullseye to upper left corner due to convex nature of the part across 6.8 mm x 6.8 mm die. More