Fig. 15.5 Titanium use in Japan. PHE, plate heat exchangers. Courtesy of the International Titanium Association More

Fig. 6.10 Fully machined heat exchangers fabricated by copper-tin diffusion brazing More

Fig. 3.18 Metallographic cross section through an aluminum heat exchanger fabricated using a foil preform in an entirely fluxless process. By using a low-melting-point braze, the mechanical properties of the heat exchanger face plate material are not degraded and there is negligible erosion More

Fig. 28.5 Large titanium heat exchanger. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 54 Stress-corrosion failure of a type 304 stainless steel heat exchanger tube from carbon dioxide compressor intercooler after exposure to a pressurized chloride-containing (200 ppm) environment at 120 °C (250 °F) (a) Cracks on the external surface. (b) Cracks originating on the external More

Fig. 5 A gelatinous biofouling slime layer on a heat exchanger tube sheet. The slime layer may be colored by dirt and other debris that accumulates in the gooey mass. Source: Nalco Chemical Company More

Fig. 7 Severely pitted aluminum heat exchanger tube. Pits were caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria beneath a slime layer. The edge of the slime layer is just visible as a ragged border between the light-colored aluminum and the darker, uncoated metal below. Source: Nalco Chemical Company More

Fig. 15.21 Titanium tube bundle for heat exchanger More

Fig. 5.1 Large titanium heat exchanger. Source: Ref 5.1 More

Fig. 10.3 Ceramic honeycomb used in heat exchanger More

Fig. 11.13 Heat exchanger and furnace components made from an Al 2 O 3- SiC p composite. Source: Ref 11.5 More

Fig. 6.7 (a) Plan and (b) cross-sectional views of a heat exchanger module. The number (1800), aspect ratio (~85:1), and size of the oval holes, each measuring 0.7 mm × 0.9 mm (28 × 35 mils) in diameter by 68 mm (2.7 in.) long, would make manufacture of these parts from solid an expensive More

Fig. 8.4 Schematic manufacturing process of an automotive aluminum heat exchanger using the cold spray process. Source: Ref 8.20 More

Fig. 8.6 Leak test of cold-spray-assisted fabrication of aluminum heat exchanger. (a) Before and (b) after the 500 h corrosion test. Source: Ref 8.20 More

Fig. 9 Example of high-temperature sulfidation attack in a type 310 heat-exchanger tube after ~100 h at 705 °C (1300 °F) in coal-gasifier product gas More

Fig. 26 Pitting corrosion in Monel tubes from a heat exchanger. Each pit was originally covered by a discrete deposit containing large numbers of SRB. Source: Ref 9 More

Fig. 3.22 Type 321 heat-exchanger tubes, which were manufactured by two different alloy suppliers, were tested in the same facility as described previously for preheating air at approximate metal temperature of 620 to 670 °C (1150 to 1240 °F) for about 1008 h. (a) Supplier A. (b) Supplier B More

Fig. 20 Severe localized corrosion on a type 316 stainless steel heat exchanger tube. Attack occurred beneath deposits, which were removed to show wastage. Source: Nalco Chemical Company More

Fig. 4.8 Titanium heat exchanger using several grades of commercially pure titanium (ASTM grades 2, 7, and 12). Courtesy of Joseph Oat Corporation More

Fig. 5.2 Schematic illustration of the operation of a vapor-cooled heat-exchanger system Source: Water Saver Systems, Inc. More