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Knoop hardness indents showing increased hardness at the surface of a case-...

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in Material Modifications (Coatings, Treatments, etc.) for Tribological Applications > Tribomaterials: Properties and Selection for Friction, Wear, and Erosion Applications
Published: 30 April 2021
Fig. 12.2 Knoop hardness indents showing increased hardness at the surface of a case-hardened surface. The least count on the scale is 0.0005 in. More
Image

Recommended maximum surface hardness and effective case depth hardness vs. ...

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in Induction and Flame Hardening > Gear Materials, Properties, and Manufacture
Published: 01 September 2005
Fig. 3 Recommended maximum surface hardness and effective case depth hardness vs. carbon percent for induction-hardened gears More
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Recommended maximum surface hardness and effective case depth hardness vs. ...

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in Induction Hardening Gears > Heat Treatment of Gears: A Practical Guide for Engineers
Published: 01 December 2000
Fig. 9.2 Recommended maximum surface hardness and effective case depth hardness vs. carbon percent for induction-hardened gears More
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Effect of shot hardness and surface hardness on the distribution of residua...

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in Postcarburizing Mechanical Treatments > Carburizing: Microstructures and Properties
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 8.27 Effect of shot hardness and surface hardness on the distribution of residual stresses. (a) 1045 steel hardened to R c 48. (b) 1045 steel hardened to R c 62 peened with 330 shot. Source: Ref 30 More
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Relationship between surface hardness and seizure. (a) Relation of hardness...

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in Internal Oxidation > Carburizing: Microstructures and Properties
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 1.27 Relationship between surface hardness and seizure. (a) Relation of hardness, HV, with maximum contact stress, σ max , when destructive seizure occurs for through hardened or induction hardened steels. Source: Ref 42 . (b) Variation of seizing load with microhardness of the outer More
Book Chapter

Surface Hardening Treatment of Steels

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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... Abstract The design requirements for mechanical shafts, pinions, and gears often call for features with very hard surfaces (to resist wear) based on a softer core (to avoid brittle fracture). This chapter explains how to selectively harden steel by diffusing carbon and nitrogen atoms...
Abstract
The design requirements for mechanical shafts, pinions, and gears often call for features with very hard surfaces (to resist wear) based on a softer core (to avoid brittle fracture). This chapter explains how to selectively harden steel by diffusing carbon and nitrogen atoms into the outer surface layers. It discusses several such surface-hardening processes, including carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing.
View PDF for content titled, <span class="search-highlight">Surface</span> Hardening Treatment of Steels
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Ranges of surface hardness produced by various surface modification treatme...

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in Surface Modification of Tool Steel > Tool Steels
Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 16-2 Ranges of surface hardness produced by various surface modification treatments. Source: Ref 8 More
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Surface of a fatigue fracture in a grade 1050 steel shaft, with hardness of...

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in Fatigue Fracture[1] > Understanding How Components Fail
Published: 30 November 2013
Fig. 17 Surface of a fatigue fracture in a grade 1050 steel shaft, with hardness of about 35 HRC, that was subjected to rotating bending. The presence of numerous ratchet marks (small shiny areas at the surface) indicates that fatigue cracks were initiated at many locations along a sharp snap More
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Effect of section size on surface hardness of a 0.54% carbon steel quenched...

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in Hardness and Hardenability > Practical Heat Treating
Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 14 Effect of section size on surface hardness of a 0.54% carbon steel quenched in water from 830 °C (1525 °F). Source: Ref 9 More
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Relationship of carbon content to minimum surface hardness attainable by fl...

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in Surface Engineering to Change the Surface Metallurgy > Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear Resistance
Published: 01 March 2001
Fig. 1 Relationship of carbon content to minimum surface hardness attainable by flame or induction heating and water quenching. Practical minimum carbon content can be determined from this curve. Source: Ref 1 More
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Surface hardness of carbide layers by TRD process in relation to other surf...

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in Surface Engineering to Add a Surface Layer or Coating > Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear Resistance
Published: 01 March 2001
Fig. 15 Surface hardness of carbide layers by TRD process in relation to other surface-hardening processes. Source: Ref 71 More
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Range of hardness levels for various materials and surface treatments. Sour...

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in Process Comparisons > Surface Engineering for Corrosion and Wear Resistance
Published: 01 March 2001
Fig. 1 Range of hardness levels for various materials and surface treatments. Source: Ref 3 More
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Effect of hardening temperature on the surface hardness of various S1 steel...

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in Shock-Resisting Tool Steels > Tool Steels
Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 9-2 Effect of hardening temperature on the surface hardness of various S1 steels. Curves 1 and 5, Allegheny Ludlum Industries; Curves 2 and 3, Bethlehem Steel Co.; curve 4, Latrobe Steel Co. Curve Composition, % Quenching medium Specimen size C Si W Cr V 1 0.43 More
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Surface hardness of as-quenched rounds of various silicon tool steels as a ...

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in Shock-Resisting Tool Steels > Tool Steels
Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 9-17 Surface hardness of as-quenched rounds of various silicon tool steels as a function of austenitizing temperature and quenching medium, (a) 0.46% C, 1.60% Si, 0.80% Mn, and 0.40% Mo. Courtesy of Allegheny Ludlum Industries, (b) 0.55% C, 2.30% Si, 0.80% Mn, 0.50% Mo, and 0.25% V More
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Effect of austenitizing temperature on the surface hardness of A-type steel...

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in Air-Hardening, Cold-Work Tool Steels > Tool Steels
Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 11-3 Effect of austenitizing temperature on the surface hardness of A-type steels. Specimens were air cooled from the austenitizing temperatures. Curves 1 and 2, Allegheny Ludlum Industries; curve 3, Bethlehem Steel Co.; curve 4, Universal-Cyclops Steel Corp. Curve Type More
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Effect of tempering temperature on the surface hardness of carburized P20 s...

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in Mold Steels > Tool Steels
Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 15-11 Effect of tempering temperature on the surface hardness of carburized P20 steel. Curve A is for specimens carburized at 845 °C (1550 °F) and curve B is for specimens carburized at 900 °C (1650 °F). Courtesy of O.I. Lemmer, Teledyne VASCO More
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Illustration of method to determine the surface and center hardness for the...

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in Illustrative Examples > Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 10-11 (Part 1) Illustration of method to determine the surface and center hardness for the 2 inch diameter shaft using four quenchants More
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Illustration of method to determine the surface and center hardness for the...

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in Illustrative Examples > Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 10-11 (Part 2) Illustration of method to determine the surface and center hardness for the 2 inch diameter shaft using four quenchants More
Image

Illustration of method to determine the surface and center hardness for the...

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in Illustrative Examples > Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 10-11 (Part 3) Illustration of method to determine the surface and center hardness for the 2 inch diameter shaft using four quenchants More
Image

Surface of a fatigue fracture in a 1050 steel shaft, with hardness of appro...

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in Fatigue of Metals > Fatigue and Fracture: Understanding the Basics
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 34 Surface of a fatigue fracture in a 1050 steel shaft, with hardness of approximately 35 HRC, that was subjected to rotating bending. Presence of numerous ratchet marks (small shiny areas at surface) indicates that fatigue cracks were initiated at many locations along a sharp snap ring More