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Image
Standard Gibbs free energy of formation for several carbides as a function ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 4.6 Standard Gibbs free energy of formation for several carbides as a function of (a) temperature and (b) solubility in nickel at 1250 °C (2280 °F). Source: Ref 21
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(a) Gibbs free-energy composition diagram and (b) locus of solvus curves of...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2012
Fig. 16.9 (a) Gibbs free-energy composition diagram and (b) locus of solvus curves of metastable and stable equilibrium phases in a precipitation sequence. (a) The points of common tangency show the relationship between compositions of the matrix phase (C″, C′, and C eq ) and the various forms
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Published: 01 March 2012
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Gibbs free energy for different atomic configurations in a system. Configur...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2012
Fig. 3.1 Gibbs free energy for different atomic configurations in a system. Configuration A has the lowest free energy and therefore is the arrangement of stable equilibrium. Configuration B is in a state of metastable equilibrium. Adapted from Ref 3.1
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Published: 01 March 2012
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Standard Gibbs free energy of formation of some metal oxides as a function ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 1 Standard Gibbs free energy of formation of some metal oxides as a function of temperature. Source: Ref 4
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Published: 01 June 2008
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Gibbs free energy curves and construction of binary phase diagram. Source: ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2008
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Gibbs free energy curves and construction of eutectic phase diagram. Source...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2008
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Schematic illustration of (a) the Gibbs free energy of austenite (γ) and pe...
Available to Purchase
in Modeling and Use of Correlations in Heat Treatment
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 9-10 Schematic illustration of (a) the Gibbs free energy of austenite (γ) and pearlite as a function of temperature for a 0.8% C plain carbon eutectoid steel, and of (b) the difference in the free energy of these two constituents
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Book Chapter
Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... Abstract This chapter explains how the principles of chemical thermodynamics are used in the construction and interpretation of phase diagrams. After a brief review of the laws of thermodynamics, it describes the concept of Gibbs free energy and its application to transformations that occur...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the principles of chemical thermodynamics are used in the construction and interpretation of phase diagrams. After a brief review of the laws of thermodynamics, it describes the concept of Gibbs free energy and its application to transformations that occur in single-component and binary solid solutions. It then examines the relationship between the free energy of a solution and the chemical potentials of the individual components. It also explains how to account for the heat of mixing using quasi-chemical models, discusses the effect of interatomic bond energies and chemical potentials, and shows how the equilibrium state of an alloy can be obtained from free-energy curves.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... Abstract This chapter provides a thorough introduction to the electrochemical thermodynamics that govern electrode reactions associated with corrosion. It begins with a review of the thermodynamic criteria for the stability of chemical reactions based on Gibbs free energy and explains how...
Abstract
This chapter provides a thorough introduction to the electrochemical thermodynamics that govern electrode reactions associated with corrosion. It begins with a review of the thermodynamic criteria for the stability of chemical reactions based on Gibbs free energy and explains how energies of formation are determined using the oxidation of iron as an example. It then considers how iron reacts with hydrochloric acid, explaining how it can be expressed as two half reactions modeled as electrodes in an electrochemical cell. It goes on to describe the chemical reactions occurring at each electrode, accounting for different variables, mechanisms, and electrochemical effects. The chapter concludes with an in-depth review of Pourbaix diagrams, explaining what they reveal about the stability of metal-water systems and the formation of corrosion products.
Book Chapter
Structure of Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... of equilibrium phase diagrams, the role of enthalpy and Gibb’s free energy in chemical reactions, and a method for determining phase compositions along the solidus and liquidus lines. atomic diffusion body-centered cubic systems crystal defects equilibrium phase diagram face-centered cubic systems...
Abstract
This chapter introduces many of the key concepts on which metallurgy is based. It begins with an overview of the atomic nature of matter and the forces that link atoms together in crystal lattice structures. It discusses the types of imperfections (or defects) that occur in the crystal structure of metals and their role in mechanical deformation, annealing, precipitation, and diffusion. It describes the concept of solid solutions and the effect of temperature on solubility and phase transformations. The chapter also discusses the formation of solidification structures, the use of equilibrium phase diagrams, the role of enthalpy and Gibb’s free energy in chemical reactions, and a method for determining phase compositions along the solidus and liquidus lines.
Image
Simplified Ellingham diagram showing the free-energy change for oxidation o...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 April 2004
Fig. 3.2 Simplified Ellingham diagram showing the free-energy change for oxidation of several metals. Oxide stability is reduced by elevated temperature and decreased oxygen partial pressure. Each dashed line corresponds to the Gibbs free-energy change as a function of temperature, relating
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Image
Simplified Ellingham diagram showing the free-energy change for oxidation o...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2005
Fig. 3.2 Simplified Ellingham diagram showing the free-energy change for oxidation of several metals. Oxide stability is reduced by elevated temperature and decreased oxygen partial pressure. Each dashed line corresponds to the Gibbs free-energy change as a function of temperature, relating
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Image
Relationship between the stability of metal oxides (in terms of the Gibbs f...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2005
Fig. 1.7 Relationship between the stability of metal oxides (in terms of the Gibbs free energy of formation) and the ratio of the process temperature ( T ) to the melting point of the metal ( T m )
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Simplified Ellingham diagram illustrating the graphical method for determin...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 April 2004
Fig. 3.4 Simplified Ellingham diagram illustrating the graphical method for determining the temperature and H 2 O/H 2 ratio that will spontaneously reduce a metal oxide to metal (here, Cr 2 O 3 to Cr). The set of dashed lines corresponds to the Gibbs free-energy change as a function
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Image
Simplified Ellingham diagram illustrating the graphical method for determin...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2005
Fig. 3.5 Simplified Ellingham diagram illustrating the graphical method for determining the temperature and H 2 O/H 2 ratio that will spontaneously reduce a metal oxide to metal (here, Cr 2 O 3 to Cr). The set of dashed lines corresponds to the Gibbs free energy change as a function
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Book Chapter
Introduction to Phase Transformations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... (K), and S is entropy, a measure of the randomness of the system. Solving for F , the Helmholtz free energy, can be expressed as: (Eq 4.2) F = E − T S A related free energy is the Gibbs free energy, which is defined as: (Eq 4.3) G = H − T S where H is enthalpy...
Abstract
This chapter provides a short introduction to phase transformations, namely, the liquid-to-solid phase transformations that occur during solidification and the solid-to-solid transformations that are important in processing, such as heat treatment. It also introduces the concept of free energy that governs whether or not a phase transformation is possible, and then the kinetic considerations that determine the rate at which transformations take place. The chapter also describes important solid-state transformations such as spinodal decomposition and martensitic transformation.
Book Chapter
Phase Diagram Fundamentals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 January 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdktmse.t56100001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-470-3
... (multicomponent) systems. The CALPHAD method has enabled the calculation of phase diagrams for cases where limited or incomplete experimental data exist ( Ref 7 , 9 ). The method uses a basic metallurgical thermodynamic concept called the Gibbs free energy. Equation 7 presents the Gibbs free energy of a phase...
Abstract
Phase diagrams serve as a map to the phases present in an alloy at different temperatures and compositions. They also help in assessing mechanical properties, selecting heat treat temperatures, warning of possible solidification problems, and identifying routes for creating desired microstructures. This chapter familiarizes readers with the information contained in binary phase diagrams and the methods used to extract it. It explains how thermocouple measurements are used to determine liquidus, solidus, and eutectic reaction lines, how differential scanning calorimetry shows where phase reactions occur, and how x-ray diffraction identifies the actual phases present. It demonstrates the use of tie lines for determining phase composition at different temperatures and the application of the level rule to calculate phase fractions. It also discusses the CALPHAD method and presents computed binary phase diagrams that account for the presence of inclusions, oxygen content, and secondary phases.
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