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Forging defects

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Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 8 Typical forging defects. Seam in rolled 4130 steel bar. (a) Closeup of seam. Note the linear characteristics of this flaw. (b) Micrograph of seam in (a) showing cross section of the bar. Seam is normal to the surface and filled with oxide. Original magnification: 30×. (c) Micrograph More
Image
Published: 01 November 2013
Fig. 9 Typical forging defects. (a) Seam in rolled 4130 steel bar. Note the linear characteristics of this flaw. (b) Micrograph of seam in (a) showing cross section of the bar. Seam is normal to the surface and filled with oxide. Original magnification: 30×. (c) Micrograph of forging lap. Note More
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Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 17 Typical forging defect caused by excessive natural flow through the forging of a rib (flange)-and-web part. Flow through is the tendency of a metal to flow naturally past the rib (flange) opening. More
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Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 4 Failure Mode Assessment (FMA) chart. Forging with defects More
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Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 5 Technical Plan for Resolution (TPR) chart. Forging with defects More
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Published: 01 February 2005
Fig. 16.10 Investigation of defects in ring gear forging using FEM [ Jenkins et al., 1989 ] More
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Published: 01 February 2005
Fig. 17.24 Typical defects in cold forging tools [ Yamanaka et al., 2002 ] More
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Published: 01 February 2005
Fig. 14.16 Defect formation in forging when fillet radii are too small [ Haller, 1971 ] More
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
.... It describes special cases of segregation, including banding and why it occurs, and the application of closed die forging. The chapter also presents several examples of hot working defects, including forging laps, cracks, and overheated or burned steel. closed die forging hot working inclusions open...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... or melting. Blisters or melting occur when heating at too high an austenitizing temperature, producing subsurface melting and oxides ( Fig. 9.15 ). Other conditions in the material that can cause cracking in the subsurface include inclusions, internal ruptures as found in forgings, casting defects, and high...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... into the ingot body and goes undetected, it can eventually result in a defective forging. Detection of the pipe can be obscured in some cases if bridging has occurred. Piping can be minimized by pouring ingots with the big end up, by providing risers in the ingot top, and by applying sufficient hot top...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
.... , and Altan T. , “ Prediction and Elimination of Defects in Cold Forging Using Process Simulation, ” Tenth International Cold Forging Congress, International Cold Forging Group , Sept 13– 15, 2000 ( Stuttgart ). [Kim et al., 1996] Kim H. , and Altan T. , “ Cold Forging of Steel...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... design engineers to preview the metal flow and possible defect formation in a forging. After the forging simulation is done, the contours of state variables, such as effective strain, effective strain rate, and temperature at any instant of time during a forging, can be generated. The thermomechanical...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... and components Table 1 Failure analysis of steel forgings and components Case study Defect Solution Crankshaft underfill Unable to fill crankshaft flanges with existing press capacity Introduce creep stages for last increment of displacements Tube bending Unable to control exterior wall...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... of the bottom web but below the top of the wall can disrupt the grain flow and cause forging defects. Because the dies move only in a straight line, and because the forging must be removed from the die without damage to either the impression or to the forging, die impressions can usually have no undercuts...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
..., which may be remelted several times to achieve the necessary properties. It also discusses the cause of defects and ingot imperfections and the benefits of billet reduction and grain-refinement processes. billets ingots mill products titanium alloys titanium sponge vacuum arc remelting...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
..., or when lower temperatures are intentionally used during finish-forging operations. Finishing Billets and Bars Forged billets and bars are usually annealed, straightened, and finished to particular specification requirements. Finishing is necessary to remove surface defects and oxygen contamination...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... may contain unrecognized defects that would inhibit satisfactory application of a component. Forged precompacted powder billets and/or preforms provide the degree of deformation and consequent mechanical properties that some designers prefer. While direct isothermal powder superalloy forging might...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... part depends greatly on the design of the previous stages. If the material has been improperly distributed during the blocking stage, defects may appear in the finishing stage. In a good-quality forging, all sections of the die cavity must be filled, and the part must not contain flow defects...