Search Results for Food packaging

This chapter describes how aluminum sheet and foil alloys are processed to produce functional, economical packages that meet the various industry performance criteria. The focus is on the key customer requirements for three main application segments: foil, cans, and impact extrusions. A huge range of products in this industry segment is also illustrated. The need for sustainable production and recyclability is also discussed.

This chapter discusses recycling processes used for metals, plastics, rubber, glass, and paper. Is also describes the advantages of recycled materials.

Aluminum is the second most widely used metal in the world. It is readily available, offers a wide range of properties, and can be shaped, coated, and joined using a variety of methods. This chapter discusses some of the key attributes of wrought and cast aluminum alloys and the classifications, designations, and grades of available product forms. It also explains how aluminum alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, rail, and marine applications as well as in building and construction, electrical products, manufacturing equipment, packaging, and consumer durables such as appliances and furniture.

This chapter addresses the implications for increased aluminum usage on major issues such as climate change and solid waste management. The chapter also considers three approaches for decarbonizing aluminum-product production.

The chapter covers various aspects of biotribology in the context of dental care, orthopedic implants, haptics, eyewear, and stents and fixation devices. It also addresses the issue of biocompatibility and the effects of friction and contact pressure on skin.

Aluminum products are used extensively in natural atmospheres and in and around water. They are also widely used in building materials and as containers for chemicals and food and beverage products. This chapter discusses the corrosion mechanisms associated with these environments and the influence of various factors and prevention methods. It also includes an extensive amount of data of corrosion rates, corrosion resistance, and changes in mechanical properties.

Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.

This chapter details aluminum products most familiar to consumers including cookware, electronics and TVs, home interiors, luggage and briefcases, and outdoor furniture. Aluminum in art is also discussed.

Induction heating has found widespread use as a method to raise the temperature of a metal prior to forming or joining, or to change its metallurgical structure. However, induction heating has specialized capabilities that make it suitable for applications outside of metal treatment and fabrication. This chapter summarizes some of the special applications of induction heating, including those in the plastics, packaging, electronics, glass, chemical, and metal-finishing industries. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the application of induction heating for vacuum processes.

This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.

This chapter covers regulatory requirements, safe handling practices, hazard analysis and control, dismantling and decommissioning, and waste disposal. It also includes references for additional information on government regulations.

This chapter describes the properties and uses of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and other nonferrous alloys. It also discusses the effect of cold working and the process of annealing, including recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth.

This chapter provides basic concepts and background for customer-related manufacturing processes applied to aluminum products including forming, joining and welding, surface treatments, and machinability. It reviews the selection criteria, key testing regimes, and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) requirements. The chapter also presents examples that demonstrate the importance of choosing the correct alloy and temper to successfully meet the OEM fabrication criteria.

This introduction presents an overview of the discovery of aluminum, the origins of the aluminum industry, and the evolution of the industry.

Casting is one of the most economical manufacturing processes for providing shape to components of machinery and is used in a wide range of industries. This chapter is a brief account of the advantages, applications, limitations, and market growth of aluminum casting. It also provides information on the process of conversion of steel and iron parts to aluminum.

This chapter provides helpful guidelines for selecting a surface treatment for a given application. It identifies important design factors and applicable treatments for common design scenarios, materials, and operating conditions. It explains why heat treatments and finishing operations may be required before or after processing and how to estimate or predict coating thickness, case depth, hardness, and the likelihood of distortion. It also addresses related issues and considerations such as part handling and fixturing, surface preparation and cleaning requirements, processability, aesthetics, and the influence of design features.

This chapter discusses the structural classifications, molecular configuration, degradation, properties, and uses of polymers. It describes thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, degree of polymerization, branching, cross-linking, and copolymers. It also discusses glass transition temperatures, additives, and the effect of stretching on thermoplastics.

Organic coatings (paints and plastic or rubber linings), metallic coatings, and nonmetallic inorganic coatings (conversion coatings, cements, ceramics, and glasses) are used in applications requiring corrosion protection. These coatings and linings may protect substrates by three basic mechanisms: barrier protection, chemical inhibition, and galvanic (sacrificial) protection. This chapter begins with a section on organic coating and linings, providing a detailed account of the steps involved in the coating process, namely, design and selection, surface preparation, application, and inspection and quality assurance. The next section discusses the methods by which metals, and in some cases their alloys, can be applied to almost all other metals and alloys: electroplating, electroless plating, hot dipping, thermal spraying, cladding, pack cementation, vapor deposition, ion implantation, and laser processing. The last section focuses on nonmetallic inorganic coatings including ceramic coating materials, conversion coatings, and anodized coatings.

This introductory article describes the various aspects of chemical structure and composition that are important to an understanding of polymer properties and their eventual effect on the end-use performance of engineering plastics, namely thermoplastics and thermosets. The most important properties of polymers and the most significant influences of structure on those properties are covered. The article also includes some general information on the classification and naming of polymers and plastics.

This chapter discusses the advantages and limitations of 3D printing technology for the production of batteries and supercapacitors. It explains how 3D printing methods facilitate the build of microdevices with hierarchical nanoarchitectures and controlled microstructure. It also reviews recent progress in fabricating electrodes and electrolytes using 3D-printed functional materials.