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Vijay Tambrallimath, R. Keshavamurthy, G.S. Pradeep Kumar, Gurumoorty S. Hebbar
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Book Chapter
Aluminum Packaging Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... to be used for packaging applications. Source: European Aluminium Foil Association ALUMINUM ROLLED PRODUCTS are a material of choice for a myriad of packaging applications. The list includes beverage and food cans, aerosols, tubes, bottle caps, foil trays, capsules, lids, and household wrap. The sheet...
Abstract
This chapter describes how aluminum sheet and foil alloys are processed to produce functional, economical packages that meet the various industry performance criteria. The focus is on the key customer requirements for three main application segments: foil, cans, and impact extrusions. A huge range of products in this industry segment is also illustrated. The need for sustainable production and recyclability is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Recycling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
..., and picnic furniture. New polyvinyl chloride (PVC) finds uses as squeezable bottles, frozen food bags, clothing, and carpets, while recycled PVC is used for floor tile, garbage can liners, furniture, trash cans, and lumber. Polypropylene (PP) is used in food and medicine packaging, but recycled PP is used...
Abstract
This chapter discusses recycling processes used for metals, plastics, rubber, glass, and paper. Is also describes the advantages of recycled materials.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
.... Aluminum is nonpyrophoric, which is important in applications involving inflammable or explosive materials handling or exposure. Aluminum is nontoxic and is routinely used in containers for food and beverages. Aluminum has an attractive appearance in its natural finish, which can be soft and lustrous...
Abstract
Aluminum is the second most widely used metal in the world. It is readily available, offers a wide range of properties, and can be shaped, coated, and joined using a variety of methods. This chapter discusses some of the key attributes of wrought and cast aluminum alloys and the classifications, designations, and grades of available product forms. It also explains how aluminum alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, rail, and marine applications as well as in building and construction, electrical products, manufacturing equipment, packaging, and consumer durables such as appliances and furniture.
Book Chapter
Aluminum and Its Importance for Sustainability
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Flexible Packaging With the short cycle of packaging use comes the immediate challenge of dealing with postconsumer scrap. Unfortunately, not all packaging scrap is as easily dealt with as beverage or food cans. In many uses outlined in Chapter 15, “Aluminum Packaging Products” in this book...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the implications for increased aluminum usage on major issues such as climate change and solid waste management. The chapter also considers three approaches for decarbonizing aluminum-product production.
Book Chapter
Biotribology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... surfaces. Skin rubs on everything from clothing to concrete (e.g., a shower room floor). Lubricants play a large role in the human tribosystem. Internally, the body self-lubricates where needed. There are glands in the mouth that emit lubricant (saliva) to aid ingesting food; many such aids exist...
Abstract
The chapter covers various aspects of biotribology in the context of dental care, orthopedic implants, haptics, eyewear, and stents and fixation devices. It also addresses the issue of biocompatibility and the effects of friction and contact pressure on skin.
Book Chapter
Types of Corrosive Environments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... Abstract Aluminum products are used extensively in natural atmospheres and in and around water. They are also widely used in building materials and as containers for chemicals and food and beverage products. This chapter discusses the corrosion mechanisms associated with these environments...
Abstract
Aluminum products are used extensively in natural atmospheres and in and around water. They are also widely used in building materials and as containers for chemicals and food and beverage products. This chapter discusses the corrosion mechanisms associated with these environments and the influence of various factors and prevention methods. It also includes an extensive amount of data of corrosion rates, corrosion resistance, and changes in mechanical properties.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Boiler Technology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... plants, paper mills, food and pharmaceutical industries, and the textile industry, boilers are used for power generation and/or for providing process steam and process heat. 1.2 Classification of Boilers Because the areas of application of boilers are very diverse, there is a need...
Abstract
Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.
Book Chapter
Aluminum in Household Goods and Appliances
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
..., the sheet requires a good uniform anodized quality (AQ) surface. Wide food trays often are produced from H24 temper to handle heavier loads without bending. Rice cookers often have a deep drawn and anodized container inside to hold the food. In 2015, the American Cookware Manufacturers Association estimated...
Abstract
This chapter details aluminum products most familiar to consumers including cookware, electronics and TVs, home interiors, luggage and briefcases, and outdoor furniture. Aluminum in art is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Special Applications of Induction Heating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... Typical parts made with metallic-particle gaskets Source: Emabond, Inc. Induction Cap Sealing and Packaging The food, drug, and chemical industries require easily assembled tamperproof seals that assure users of their products that no contamination has taken place between the manufacturing site...
Abstract
Induction heating has found widespread use as a method to raise the temperature of a metal prior to forming or joining, or to change its metallurgical structure. However, induction heating has specialized capabilities that make it suitable for applications outside of metal treatment and fabrication. This chapter summarizes some of the special applications of induction heating, including those in the plastics, packaging, electronics, glass, chemical, and metal-finishing industries. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the application of induction heating for vacuum processes.
Book Chapter
Engineering Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
Abstract
This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.
Book Chapter
Hygienic Practices for Handling Beryllium and Its Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... such as ventilation, containment, personnel protective equipment, and personnel practices such as elimination of food and tobacco products from work areas. 29.1.1 Regulatory Requirements The regulatory requirement for management of the beryllium hazard was initially defined by the Atomic Energy Commission...
Abstract
This chapter covers regulatory requirements, safe handling practices, hazard analysis and control, dismantling and decommissioning, and waste disposal. It also includes references for additional information on government regulations.
Book Chapter
Nonferrous Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
.... This is an example of dispersion hardening. Heat Reflection Place the bulbs of thermometers into two equal weights of food and wrap each tightly with aluminum foil. Place the shiny side of the foil out on one, and the dull side out on the other. Heat them together in an oven. Which heats faster? Why...
Abstract
This chapter describes the properties and uses of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and other nonferrous alloys. It also discusses the effect of cold working and the process of annealing, including recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth.
Book Chapter
Customer Manufacturing Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
..., then the act of bending can create that shape (e.g., a car window frame or residential conservatory section). Sheet metal can be formed into a cylindrical shape by cup drawing , which is often the first step in the formation of a food or beverage can. In the aluminum industry, the semi-fabricated products...
Abstract
This chapter provides basic concepts and background for customer-related manufacturing processes applied to aluminum products including forming, joining and welding, surface treatments, and machinability. It reviews the selection criteria, key testing regimes, and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) requirements. The chapter also presents examples that demonstrate the importance of choosing the correct alloy and temper to successfully meet the OEM fabrication criteria.
Book Chapter
Introduction—Aluminum as an Industrial Material
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
.... The only surviving portion of Reynolds is the foil and packaging business, known as Reynolds Consumer Products and headquartered in Chicago. They produce Reynolds Wrap and food containers from thicker foil. Alcoa held out until late 2016 as the only survivor among the Big 4, still operating both...
Abstract
This introduction presents an overview of the discovery of aluminum, the origins of the aluminum industry, and the evolution of the industry.
Book Chapter
Aluminum Casting Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... such as: Automotive Household appliances (washers, dryers, dishwashers, mowers, cookware) Refrigeration and air conditioning (food industry, dairy products) Railroad Transportation (freight trucks, commuter trains) Commercial and military aircraft structures (door panels, stowing and seat brackets...
Abstract
Casting is one of the most economical manufacturing processes for providing shape to components of machinery and is used in a wide range of industries. This chapter is a brief account of the advantages, applications, limitations, and market growth of aluminum casting. It also provides information on the process of conversion of steel and iron parts to aluminum.
Book Chapter
Practical Design Guidelines for Surface Engineering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... areas discussed later in this section), the choice of surface treatment can be made primarily on the basis of surface hardness, since even very thin coatings are able to support the contact loads. The industrial areas covered in this section include textiles, printing, plastics, packaging, food...
Abstract
This chapter provides helpful guidelines for selecting a surface treatment for a given application. It identifies important design factors and applicable treatments for common design scenarios, materials, and operating conditions. It explains why heat treatments and finishing operations may be required before or after processing and how to estimate or predict coating thickness, case depth, hardness, and the likelihood of distortion. It also addresses related issues and considerations such as part handling and fixturing, surface preparation and cleaning requirements, processability, aesthetics, and the influence of design features.
Book Chapter
Polymers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
....’ The density of PET is 1.35 to 1.38 g/cm 3 (84.27 to 86.15 lb/ft 3 ), melting temperature ( T m ) = 260 °C (500 °F), and glass transition ( T g ) = 75 °C (167 °F). It is tough, provides a barrier to water and gases, and finds uses as beverage bottles and food containers, yarns and polyfill, and film...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the structural classifications, molecular configuration, degradation, properties, and uses of polymers. It describes thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, degree of polymerization, branching, cross-linking, and copolymers. It also discusses glass transition temperatures, additives, and the effect of stretching on thermoplastics.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Control by Protective Coatings and Inhibitors
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... in sunlight. Nontoxic and suitable for exposure to food products. Resistant to mineral salts and alkalies to 30% concentration Black color only. Poor resistance to hydrocarbon solvents, oils, fats, and some organic solvents. Do not have the moisture resistance of coal tars. Can embrittle after prolonged...
Abstract
Organic coatings (paints and plastic or rubber linings), metallic coatings, and nonmetallic inorganic coatings (conversion coatings, cements, ceramics, and glasses) are used in applications requiring corrosion protection. These coatings and linings may protect substrates by three basic mechanisms: barrier protection, chemical inhibition, and galvanic (sacrificial) protection. This chapter begins with a section on organic coating and linings, providing a detailed account of the steps involved in the coating process, namely, design and selection, surface preparation, application, and inspection and quality assurance. The next section discusses the methods by which metals, and in some cases their alloys, can be applied to almost all other metals and alloys: electroplating, electroless plating, hot dipping, thermal spraying, cladding, pack cementation, vapor deposition, ion implantation, and laser processing. The last section focuses on nonmetallic inorganic coatings including ceramic coating materials, conversion coatings, and anodized coatings.
Book Chapter
Engineering Plastics: An Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... such as medicine bottles, syringes, textile fibers, and packaging films and is also used as an engineering plastic. As previously noted, the polymer structures may also have several variations. Polyethylene, for example, can be low density (LDPE) or high density (HDPE) depending on the extent of chain branching...
Abstract
This introductory article describes the various aspects of chemical structure and composition that are important to an understanding of polymer properties and their eventual effect on the end-use performance of engineering plastics, namely thermoplastics and thermosets. The most important properties of polymers and the most significant influences of structure on those properties are covered. The article also includes some general information on the classification and naming of polymers and plastics.
Book Chapter
Nanomaterials-Based Additive Manufacturing for the Production of 3D-Printed Batteries and Supercapacitors
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
.... To avoid the troublesome trial-and-error process, this simplifies the fabrication process and drastically reduces the design time. Various fields—including the food, medical, electronics, and aerospace industries—have widely adopted 3D printing because of the unique advantages it offers. The use of 3D...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and limitations of 3D printing technology for the production of batteries and supercapacitors. It explains how 3D printing methods facilitate the build of microdevices with hierarchical nanoarchitectures and controlled microstructure. It also reviews recent progress in fabricating electrodes and electrolytes using 3D-printed functional materials.
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