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Food packaging
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
..., and picnic furniture. New polyvinyl chloride (PVC) finds uses as squeezable bottles, frozen food bags, clothing, and carpets, while recycled PVC is used for floor tile, garbage can liners, furniture, trash cans, and lumber. Polypropylene (PP) is used in food and medicine packaging, but recycled PP is used...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
.... Aluminum is nonpyrophoric, which is important in applications involving inflammable or explosive materials handling or exposure. Aluminum is nontoxic and is routinely used in containers for food and beverages. Aluminum has an attractive appearance in its natural finish, which can be soft and lustrous...
Abstract
Aluminum is the second most widely used metal in the world. It is readily available, offers a wide range of properties, and can be shaped, coated, and joined using a variety of methods. This chapter discusses some of the key attributes of wrought and cast aluminum alloys and the classifications, designations, and grades of available product forms. It also explains how aluminum alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, rail, and marine applications as well as in building and construction, electrical products, manufacturing equipment, packaging, and consumer durables such as appliances and furniture.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... surfaces. Skin rubs on everything from clothing to concrete (e.g., a shower room floor). Lubricants play a large role in the human tribosystem. Internally, the body self-lubricates where needed. There are glands in the mouth that emit lubricant (saliva) to aid ingesting food; many such aids exist...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... plants, paper mills, food and pharmaceutical industries, and the textile industry, boilers are used for power generation and/or for providing process steam and process heat. 1.2 Classification of Boilers Because the areas of application of boilers are very diverse, there is a need...
Abstract
Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... Abstract Aluminum products are used extensively in natural atmospheres and in and around water. They are also widely used in building materials and as containers for chemicals and food and beverage products. This chapter discusses the corrosion mechanisms associated with these environments...
Abstract
Aluminum products are used extensively in natural atmospheres and in and around water. They are also widely used in building materials and as containers for chemicals and food and beverage products. This chapter discusses the corrosion mechanisms associated with these environments and the influence of various factors and prevention methods. It also includes an extensive amount of data of corrosion rates, corrosion resistance, and changes in mechanical properties.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... Typical parts made with metallic-particle gaskets Source: Emabond, Inc. Induction Cap Sealing and Packaging The food, drug, and chemical industries require easily assembled tamperproof seals that assure users of their products that no contamination has taken place between the manufacturing site...
Abstract
Induction heating has found widespread use as a method to raise the temperature of a metal prior to forming or joining, or to change its metallurgical structure. However, induction heating has specialized capabilities that make it suitable for applications outside of metal treatment and fabrication. This chapter summarizes some of the special applications of induction heating, including those in the plastics, packaging, electronics, glass, chemical, and metal-finishing industries. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the application of induction heating for vacuum processes.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... such as ventilation, containment, personnel protective equipment, and personnel practices such as elimination of food and tobacco products from work areas. 29.1.1 Regulatory Requirements The regulatory requirement for management of the beryllium hazard was initially defined by the Atomic Energy Commission...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
.... This is an example of dispersion hardening. Heat Reflection Place the bulbs of thermometers into two equal weights of food and wrap each tightly with aluminum foil. Place the shiny side of the foil out on one, and the dull side out on the other. Heat them together in an oven. Which heats faster? Why...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
Abstract
This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... such as: Automotive Household appliances (washers, dryers, dishwashers, mowers, cookware) Refrigeration and air conditioning (food industry, dairy products) Railroad Transportation (freight trucks, commuter trains) Commercial and military aircraft structures (door panels, stowing and seat brackets...
Abstract
Casting is one of the most economical manufacturing processes for providing shape to components of machinery and is used in a wide range of industries. This chapter is a brief account of the advantages, applications, limitations, and market growth of aluminum casting. It also provides information on the process of conversion of steel and iron parts to aluminum.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... areas discussed later in this section), the choice of surface treatment can be made primarily on the basis of surface hardness, since even very thin coatings are able to support the contact loads. The industrial areas covered in this section include textiles, printing, plastics, packaging, food...
Abstract
This chapter provides helpful guidelines for selecting a surface treatment for a given application. It identifies important design factors and applicable treatments for common design scenarios, materials, and operating conditions. It explains why heat treatments and finishing operations may be required before or after processing and how to estimate or predict coating thickness, case depth, hardness, and the likelihood of distortion. It also addresses related issues and considerations such as part handling and fixturing, surface preparation and cleaning requirements, processability, aesthetics, and the influence of design features.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
....’ The density of PET is 1.35 to 1.38 g/cm 3 (84.27 to 86.15 lb/ft 3 ), melting temperature ( T m ) = 260 °C (500 °F), and glass transition ( T g ) = 75 °C (167 °F). It is tough, provides a barrier to water and gases, and finds uses as beverage bottles and food containers, yarns and polyfill, and film...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the structural classifications, molecular configuration, degradation, properties, and uses of polymers. It describes thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, degree of polymerization, branching, cross-linking, and copolymers. It also discusses glass transition temperatures, additives, and the effect of stretching on thermoplastics.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... in sunlight. Nontoxic and suitable for exposure to food products. Resistant to mineral salts and alkalies to 30% concentration Black color only. Poor resistance to hydrocarbon solvents, oils, fats, and some organic solvents. Do not have the moisture resistance of coal tars. Can embrittle after prolonged...
Abstract
Organic coatings (paints and plastic or rubber linings), metallic coatings, and nonmetallic inorganic coatings (conversion coatings, cements, ceramics, and glasses) are used in applications requiring corrosion protection. These coatings and linings may protect substrates by three basic mechanisms: barrier protection, chemical inhibition, and galvanic (sacrificial) protection. This chapter begins with a section on organic coating and linings, providing a detailed account of the steps involved in the coating process, namely, design and selection, surface preparation, application, and inspection and quality assurance. The next section discusses the methods by which metals, and in some cases their alloys, can be applied to almost all other metals and alloys: electroplating, electroless plating, hot dipping, thermal spraying, cladding, pack cementation, vapor deposition, ion implantation, and laser processing. The last section focuses on nonmetallic inorganic coatings including ceramic coating materials, conversion coatings, and anodized coatings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... such as medicine bottles, syringes, textile fibers, and packaging films and is also used as an engineering plastic. As previously noted, the polymer structures may also have several variations. Polyethylene, for example, can be low density (LDPE) or high density (HDPE) depending on the extent of chain branching...
Abstract
This introductory article describes the various aspects of chemical structure and composition that are important to an understanding of polymer properties and their eventual effect on the end-use performance of engineering plastics, namely thermoplastics and thermosets. The most important properties of polymers and the most significant influences of structure on those properties are covered. The article also includes some general information on the classification and naming of polymers and plastics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... years later, as settled communities were established, tiles were manufactured in Mesopotamia and India. The first use of functional pottery vessels for storing water and food is thought to be around 9,000 or 10,000 B.C. Fired clay-based products were the only ceramics available until approximately 100...
Abstract
Engineers have many materials to choose from when dealing with weight-related design constraints. The list includes aluminum, beryllium, magnesium, and titanium alloys as well as engineering plastics, structural ceramics, and polymer-, metal-, and ceramic-matrix composites. This chapter provides a brief overview of these lightweight materials, discussing their primary advantages along with their properties, behaviors, and limitations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
Abstract
All materials are susceptible to corrosion or some form of environmental degradation. Although no single material is suitable for all applications, usually there are a variety of materials that will perform satisfactorily in a given environment. The intent of this chapter is to review the corrosion behavior of the major classes of metals and alloys as well as some nonmetallic materials, describe typical corrosion applications, and present some unique weaknesses of various types of materials. It also aims to point out some unique material characteristics that may be important in material selection, and discuss, where appropriate, the characteristic forms of corrosion that attack specific materials. The materials addressed in this chapter include carbon steels, weathering steels, and alloy steels; nickel, copper, aluminum, titanium, lead, magnesium, tin, zirconium, tantalum, niobium, and cobalt and their alloys; polymers; and other nonmetallic materials, including rubber, carbon and graphite, and woods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... to water; manufacturers capitalize on this reactivity to produce polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) from polyvinyl acetate (PVAC). Polyvinyl alcohol is a water-soluble, film-forming polymer that finds extensive use in applications ranging from photographic film to packaging. Polyvinyl acetate is not water soluble...
Abstract
This article describes in more detail the fundamental building-block level, atomic, then expands to a discussion of molecular considerations, intermolecular structures, and finally supermolecular issues. An explanation of important thermal, mechanical, and physical properties of engineering plastics and commodity plastics follows, and the final section briefly outlines the most common plastics manufacturing processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780336
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
..., as in the fast food and packaging industries. It is considered advantageous for the discarded plastic to degrade when exposed to microbes. Other applications of plastics actually require degradability. Thus, an interesting challenge is to develop or modify plastics that possess the properties required...
Abstract
This article provides a review of the biodegradation mechanisms of plastics, presents the definitions, and describes the means of measurement of biodegradation and biodeterioration. Various experimental examples of microbial degradation, namely fungal attack in cellophane and amylose films, starch-based polyethylene films, films with modified starch additives, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-valerate)-biodegradable plastic, and biodisintegration and biodegradation studies of plastic-starch blends, are also presented.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... two dies or molds, one forming either side of the sheet. Typical Thermoformed Parts The majority of thermoformed products are produced for the packaging market; however, broader applications include: Blister packages Foam food containers Refrigerator and dishwasher door liners...
Abstract
This article describes key processing methods and related design, manufacturing, and application considerations for plastic parts and includes a discussion on materials and process selection methodology for plastics. The discussion covers the primary plastic processing methods and how each process influences part design and the properties of the plastic part. It also includes a brief description of functional requirements in process selection; an overview of various process effects and how they affect the functions and properties of the part; and the selection of processes for size, shape, and design detail factors.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... because they have good ballistic properties. The food packaging industry uses 1000-series alloys in such products as beverage cans. 1000-, 3000-, 5000-, and 6000-series aluminums are used in building and architecture for roofing, window panes, and other applications. 6.5 Magnesium Alloys Magnesium...
Abstract
This chapter describes the formability and forming characteristics of low-carbon sheet steels, coated sheet steels, stainless steels, and aluminum and magnesium alloys. It provides property data as well as flow stress curves for numerous grades of each material and explains how composition, microstructure, and processing methods influence forming behaviors.