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in Waste-to-Energy Boilers and Waste Incinerators
> High-Temperature Corrosion and Materials Applications
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 12.28 Effect of flue gas temperature on the corrosion rate of carbon steel in short-time corrosion probe tests (10 h exposure) in an operating boiler. Source: Ref 29
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.63 Results of laboratory tests with flowing synthetic flue gas (N 2 -15CO 2 -3.6O 2 -0.25SO 2 ) over a synthetic coal ash (K 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , and Fe 2 O 3 with a molecular ratio of 1.5:1.5:1.0) that covered the test coupons. Source: Ref 69
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.64 Effect of SO 2 content in flue gas on the corrosion of several superheater/reheater materials exposed to synthetic ash containing 5 wt% (Na 2 SO 4 + K 2 SO 4 ) at 650 °C (1200 °F). Source: Ref 70
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.82 Results of laboratory tests conducted in synthetic flue gas (80N 2 -15CO 2 -4O 2 -1SO 2 , saturated with H 2 O) with synthetic ash (37.5 mol% Na 2 SO 4 , 37.5 mol% K 2 SO 4 , and 25 mol% Fe 2 O 3 ) covering the samples. Exposure time was 50 h. Source: Ref 72
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in Tools and Techniques for Material Characterization of Boiler Tubes
> Failure Investigation of Boiler Tubes: A Comprehensive Approach
Published: 01 December 2018
Fig. 5.6 Variation in scale thickness on flue gas side of a superheater tube Location Scale thickness, μm 1 583.5 2 575.8 3 524.9 4 675.2 5 537.6 Avg 579.4
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in Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations[1]
> Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 22 Laboratory-simulated flue gas corrosion versus temperature for selected alloys. Tests were conducted in synthetic flue gas (80N 2 -15CO 2 -4O 2 -1SO 2 , saturated with water) with synthetic ash (37.5 mol % Na 2 SO 4 , 37.5 mol% K 2 SO 4 , 25 mol% Fe 2 O 3 ). Source: Ref 135
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Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 17 Results of laboratory tests conducted in synthetic flue gas (80N 2 -15CO 2 -4O 2 -1SO 2 , saturated with H 2 O) with synthetic ash (37.5 mol% Na 2 SO 4 , and 25 mol% Fe 2 O 3 ) covering samples. Exposure was 50 h. Source: Ref 5
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Published: 01 December 2015
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 11.9 Corrosion rates of austenitic stainless steels and ferritic steels as a function of metal temperature and flue gas temperatures. Source: Ref 11
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Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 5 Eroded tube inserts from the inlet end of a fire-tube boiler. The inserts were eroded by particle-laden flue gas, which was forced to turn as it entered the boiler.
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in Waste-to-Energy Boilers and Waste Incinerators
> High-Temperature Corrosion and Materials Applications
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 12.2 Mass-burning unit of different design involving multiple passes for the flue gas stream before entering the superheaters. Also shown is the grate where the fuel is combusted. Source: Ref 17
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 11.17 Corrosion rates of Type 347 in comparison with 310, 446, 35CrA, and 671 claddings as a function of temperature (°C) with flue gas temperatures of 1000 and 1125 °C (1830 and 2060 °F) in varying loads. Source: Ref 18
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 11.16 Corrosion rates of Type 347 in comparison with 310, 446, 35CrA, and 671 claddings as a function of temperature (°C) with flue gas temperatures of 1000 and 1125 °C (1830 and 2060 °F) in a constant thermal load. Source: Ref 18
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.65 Effect of Na 2 SO 4 + K 2 SO 4 content in synthetic ash on the corrosion of several superheater/reheater materials at 650 °C (1200 °F) in flue gas containing 0.25% SO 2 . Source: Ref 70
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.67 Cross section of a Type 304H reheater tube showing two wastage flats with the maximum wastage. Note the wastage flats on both sides of the tube surface where the flue gas impinging at the 90° location (i.e., facing the ruler in the photo). Courtesy of Welding Services Inc.
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.72 Cross section of a superheater tube made of Type 304SS suffering coal-ash corrosion attack. Note the wastage flats on both sides of the tube surface where the flue gas impinged at the 90° location (i.e., facing the ruler in the photo). Courtesy of Welding Services Inc.
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.78 Scanning electron micrograph showing ash deposits that formed at the 12 o’clock position where the flue gas made a direct impingement on the Type 304H reheater tube ( Fig. 10.75 ). This location showed significantly less tube wall wastage. Courtesy of Welding Services Inc.
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Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 10.76 Scanning electron micrograph (backscattered electron image) showing fly-ash deposits (46.4 Si-21.6Al-20.7Fe) (marked 1) on the surface of Type 304H reheater ( Fig. 10.75 ) that suffered the maximum wastage at location 30° away from the direct flue gas impingement point. The 304H
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in Waste-to-Energy Boilers and Waste Incinerators
> High-Temperature Corrosion and Materials Applications
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 12.29 Alloys 72 overlay superheater tube (a) and alloy C276 overlay superheater tube (b) after 7200 operating hours (10 months) in a RDF unit. The windward side of the tube, where the flue gas impinged upon the tube surface was the top side of the tube cross section as shown in the figure
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430314
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... in the flue gases impact the tube surface. The extent of damage due to fly ash erosion depends on variables including the velocity of flue gas or fly ash particles, their angle of impact with respect to the tube surface, the shape and size of the particles, the hardness and abrasion resistance of the tube...
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