This appendix contains a temperature conversion table listing temperatures to be converted, along with degree Centigrade or Fahrenheit equivalent.

This appendix includes a temperature conversion table, a table containing equivalent hardness numbers, and a unit conversion table.

This appendix contains a temperature conversion table listing the temperature readings (in deg F) to be converted and equivalent Celsius temperature values.

This appendix is a compilation of tables helpful to metallographers in characterizing irons and steels. The tables include AISI/SAE designations and specific composition ranges for various steels and irons, listings of companies that sell metallographic equipment and supplies, and compositions and usage guidance for etchants, chemical polishing solutions, and coatings.

This chapter provides a brief overview of phase diagrams, explaining what they represent and how and why they are used. It identifies key points, lines, and features on a binary nickel-copper phase diagram and explains what they mean from a practical perspective. It also discusses the concept of equilibrium, the significance of Gibb’s phase rule, the theorem of Le Chatelier, and the use of the lever rule.

This chapter discusses different thermal processes applicable to the various alloy groups of stainless steels, namely austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation hardening, and duplex stainless steels. The processes discussed include soaking, annealing, stress relieving, austenitizing, tempering, aging, and conditioning.

This chapter discusses the composition, alloying characteristics, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, advantages, limitations, and applications of martensitic, semiaustenitic, and austenitic precipitation-hardenable stainless steels.

This appendix provides tables listing alloy compositions and standard designations and common unit and hardness conversion factors.

This chapter describes the processes involved in heat treatment of carbon and low alloy steel, high strength low alloy steels, austenitic manganese steels, martensitic stainless steels, and austenitic stainless steels. In addition, precipitation hardening and quench hardening of carbon steel is also covered.

This chapter presents a glossary of foundry terms.

This chapter discusses three measurements parameters: temperature, strain, and magnetic field strength. It stresses the measurement of temperature because it is the primary variable in nearly all low-temperature material properties. The chapter contains information on methods and auxiliary materials. Areas of frequent concern, such as thermal contact, heat leak, thermal anchoring, thermal conductivity of greases, insulators, lead wires, ground loops, and feedthroughs are also reviewed. The chapter provides an overview and historical development of temperature scales because the practical use of all thermometers is associated with some approximation of the thermodynamic temperature scale. A short section is devoted to types of temperature measuring devices. The characteristics of commercially available resistance-type strain gauges at low temperatures are stressed.

This chapter describes the structures, phases, and phase transformations observed in metals and alloys as they solidify and cool to lower temperatures. It begins with a review of the solidification process, covering nucleation, grain growth, and the factors that influence grain morphology. It then discusses the concept of solid solutions, the difference between substitutional and interstitial solid solubility, the effect of alloying elements, and the development of intermetallic phases. The chapter also covers the construction and use of binary and ternary phase diagrams and describes the helpful information they contain.

This chapter discusses bulk deformation processes and how they are used to reshape metals and refine solidification structures. It begins by describing the differences between hot and cold working along with their respective advantages. It then discusses various forging methods, including open-die and closed-die forging, hot upset and roll forging, high-energy-rate forging, ring rolling, rotary swaging, radial and orbital forging, isothermal and hot-die forging, precision forging, and cold forging. The chapter also includes information on cold and hot extrusion and drawing operations.

This chapter covers the fatigue and fracture behaviors of ceramics and polymers. It discusses the benefits of transformation toughening, the use of ceramic-matrix composites, fracture mechanisms, and the relationship between fatigue and subcritical crack growth. In regard to polymers, it covers general characteristics, viscoelastic properties, and static strength. It also discusses fatigue life, impact strength, fracture toughness, and stress-rupture behaviors as well as environmental effects such as plasticization, solvation, swelling, stress cracking, degradation, and surface embrittlement.