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Book Chapter
Theory of Heating by Induction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
.... Resistance All metals conduct electricity while offering resistance to the flow of this electricity. This resistance causes loss in power that shows up in the form of heat. This is because, according to the law of conservation of energy, energy not lost but, rather, is transformed from one form...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of induction heating and related engineering considerations. It describes the design and operation of induction coils, the magnitude and distribution of magnetic fields, and the forces that generate eddy currents in metals. It explains how induced electrical current causes metal to heat in proportion to their electrical resistance and how it affects temperature dependent properties such as resistivity and specific heat and, in turn, heating rates and efficiencies. It also discusses the effect of hysteresis and explains why eddy currents tend to be confined to the outer surface of the workpiece, a phenomenon known as the skin effect. The chapter includes several data plots showing how the depth of heating varies with frequency and how heating time, power density, and thermal conduction rate correspond with hardening depth.
Book Chapter
Mining, Refining, Smelting, and Recycling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 e ) to compare the climate impact of production. Importantly, the total CO 2 e includes the GHG emitted by electric power generation as well as aluminum production ( Ref 2.4 – 2.6 ). The energy intensity of aluminum production increases the cost of aluminum...
Abstract
This chapter describes the process steps in the production of smelter grade aluminum, the environmental issues with aluminum production, and the importance of recycling. It also provides a discussion on the refining, or Bayer, process and the smelting, or Hall-Héroult, process.
Book Chapter
An Overview of the Functioning of a Thermal Power Plant
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... (IEO 2016) report, there will be continued increase in total coal-fired electricity generation worldwide from 8.6 trillion kilowatt hours in 2012 to 9.7 trillion kilowatt hours in 2020 and 10.6 trillion kilowatt hours by 2040 ( Ref 2.1 ). Coal-based thermal power plants therefore still have a major...
Abstract
Coal-based thermal power plants play a major role in the welfare of many nations and the overall global economy. This chapter describes the basic equipment requirements and operating principles of thermal power plants, particularly subcritical, supercritical, and ultra-supercritical types.
Book Chapter
Tuning of Induction Heating Circuits and Load Matching
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
..., readings and adjustments should be made with the part moving through the coil at its normal speed. Variable-Frequency (Solid-State) Power Sources Static (solid-state) power supplies generate frequencies which are determined by the electrical characteristics of the tank-circuit components...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the transfer of energy between the power supply and the induction heating coil. The most efficient transfer requires that the induction heated load and coil be matched to the power supply and that the electrical circuit containing these elements be properly tuned. The chapter describes these procedures, including the processes involved in tuning induction heating circuits and load matching, impedance matching by means of a transformer, and tuning used for specific types of power supplies.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... decades concentrated on the development of equipment for generating high-frequency alternating current. It was not until the latter part of the 19th century that the practical application of induction to heating of electrical conductors was realized. The first major application was melting of metals...
Abstract
Electromagnetic induction, or simply "induction," is a method of heating electrically conductive materials such as metals. It is commonly used for heating workpieces prior to metalworking and in heat treating, welding, and melting. This technique also lends itself to various other applications involving packaging and curing of resins and coatings. This chapter provides a brief review of the history of induction heating and discusses its applications and advantages.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Boiler Technology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... Abstract Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion...
Abstract
Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Induction Heating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... depth power density temperature distribution THE FUNDAMENTAL WORK of the Englishman Michael Faraday in 1831 led to the discovery that an alternating magnetic field, generated by a wire coil, can induce an alternating electrical current into a neighboring second wire coil. This phenomenon...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on induction heating principles, including penetration depth and temperature distribution, frequency ranges, inductor efficiency, and power turnover. It also lists the power densities of commonly used heat sources.
Book Chapter
Surface Hardening of Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpp.t59380085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-456-7
... producing an electrical current in a part. The parts heat due to the resistance to the flow of this electric current. Resistance All metals conduct electricity while offering resistance to the flow of this electricity. The resistance to this flow of current causes losses in power that show up...
Abstract
This chapter describes case depth and discusses flame hardening, laser heat treatment, electron beam hardening, induction heat treatment, and induction hardening.
Book Chapter
Arc Welding of Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... provides suitable electrical power (generally 20 to 80 V) that is delivered to the electrode and workpiece to produce the arc. Because the vast majority of applications use DCEP, the positive lead is connected to the gun and the negative lead to the workpiece. The power source can be the “static” type...
Abstract
Arc welding applies to a large and diversified group of welding processes that use an electric arc as the source of heat to melt and join metals. This chapter provides a detailed overview of specific arc welding methods: shielded metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, plasma-GMAW welding, electroslag welding, and electrogas welding. The basic characteristics of gases used for shielding during arc welding are briefly discussed.
Book Chapter
Induction Heating Power Supplies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... Abstract Besides the induction coil and workpiece, the induction generator (source of ac power) is probably the most important component of an overall induction heating system. Such equipment is typically rated in terms of its frequency and maximum output power (in kilowatts). This chapter...
Abstract
Besides the induction coil and workpiece, the induction generator (source of ac power) is probably the most important component of an overall induction heating system. Such equipment is typically rated in terms of its frequency and maximum output power (in kilowatts). This chapter addresses the selection of power supplies in terms of these two factors as well as the operational features of different types of sources. The six different types of power supplies for induction heating applications covered in this chapter are line-frequency supplies, frequency multipliers, motor-generators, solid-state (static) inverters, spark-gap converters, and radio-frequency power supplies. The chapter discusses the design and characteristics of each of the various types of power supplies.
Book Chapter
Theory of Induction Heating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
..., the electrical and thermal effects which are induced in the workpiece through its coupling with the coil are deduced. The present chapter deals with this interaction. The chapter that follows deals with the interactions between the induction power supply on the one hand and the coil and workpiece on the other...
Abstract
An induction heating system consists of a source of alternating current (ac), an induction coil, and the workpiece to be heated. This chapter describes the basic phenomena underlying induction heating with respect to the interactions between the coil and the workpiece. The chapter reviews the mechanistic basis for induction heating and provides an example of eddy-current distribution in a solid bar. The chapter defines two important concepts in the technology of induction heating: equivalent resistance and electrical efficiency. The chapter concludes with a discussion of methods for determination of power requirements for a given application.
Book Chapter
Fault-Tree Analysis
Available to PurchaseBook: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... provided at the end of Chapter 3 . As is frequently the case in large organizations, General Dynamics’ F-16 flight control engineers created the circuit and control logic schematics that provided quadruple redundancy. These schematics then went to the electrical harness design group, and that group...
Abstract
Fault-tree analysis is a graphical technique that identifies all events and combinations of events that can produce an undesired event. This chapter emphasizes several fault-tree analysis concepts, examining with examples how all three categories of charting symbols (events, gates, and transfer symbols) come together to generate a fault-tree analysis.
Book Chapter
History of Metallurgy and Induction Heating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... II, and output transformers were developed to help the power supplies and load match when using low-turn work coils. Around 1948, General Electric performed research on the optimum design for output transformers for radio-frequency (RF) induction heaters. They ran tests on both the size...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of the scientific and technological developments leading to the widespread use of induction heat treating and its many applications in industry.
Book Chapter
Physics of Laser-Based Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110196
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
.... Open conductor sites are identified through the use of the Seebeck effect. As shown above, thermal gradients in conductors generate electrical potential gradients with typical values on the order of mV/K. This thermoelectric power or Seebeck Effect refers to the work of Thomas Johann Seebeck (1770-1831...
Abstract
This article reviews the basic physics behind active photon injection for local photocurrent generation in silicon and thermal laser stimulation along with standard scanning optical microscopy failure analysis tools. The discussion includes several models for understanding the local thermal effects on metallic lines, junctions, and complete devices. The article also provides a description and case study examples of multiple photocurrent and thermal injection techniques. The photocurrent examples are based on Optical Beam-Induced Current and Light-Induced Voltage Alteration. The thermal stimulus examples are Optical Beam-Induced Resistance Change/Thermally-Induced Voltage Alteration and Seebeck Effect Imaging. Lastly, the article discusses the application of solid immersion lenses to improve spatial resolution.
Book Chapter
Induction Heating Plants
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... Abstract This chapter provides a discussion on the power supplies of modern induction heating plants. It describes the mode of operation and functional principle of an inverter. The chapter also provides a short note on generator cooling, which is required for the components of the induction...
Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion on the power supplies of modern induction heating plants. It describes the mode of operation and functional principle of an inverter. The chapter also provides a short note on generator cooling, which is required for the components of the induction power supply. It then presents an overview of induction heating systems.
Book Chapter
Economics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... more, but the cost can usually be offset by increases in productivity and by energy and materials savings. The absolute cost of induction generators varies with frequency and power rating. For a given power rating it increases with frequency, and for a given frequency, it scales linearly with power...
Abstract
Induction heating is a rapid, efficient technique for producing localized or through heating in a wide range of industries. The economics as well as the technical feasibility of induction heating should be important considerations prior to investing in such a system. A number of cost elements enter into the analysis. These include equipment and energy costs, production lot size and ease of automation, material savings, labor costs, and maintenance requirements. This chapter discusses each of these factors. It compares the cost elements of induction heating with those of its main competitor, gas-fired furnace heating. Several typical examples are provided to illustrate the economic considerations in design and application of induction heating processes.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... of up to 55 kg/h (120 lb/h) have been achieved for some nickel-base alloys. Substrate heating is lower than in flame spray processes, due primarily to the absence of a flame touching the substrate. The electric-arc process is generally less expensive to operate than the other processes. Electrical power...
Abstract
This article provides a brief description of commercially important thermal spray processes and gives examples of applications and application requirements. The processes covered are flame, wire arc, plasma, high-velocity oxyfuel processes, detonation gun, and cold spray methods. Examples are provided of the applications in aerospace, automotive, and medical device industries as well as the use of thermal spray as an additive manufacturing technique.
Book Chapter
Introduction and Overview
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... Power Plants The principal route for producing electricity is the conversion of mechanical energy of rotation into electrical energy using a generator. The large generators used by electric utilities employ a shaft comprising the magnetic field (rotor) which rotates inside a stationary electric...
Abstract
The ability to accurately assess the remaining life of components is essential to the operation of plants and equipment, particularly those in service beyond their design life. This, in turn, requires a knowledge of material failure modes and a proficiency for predicting the near and long term effects of mechanical, chemical, and thermal stressors. This chapter presents a broad overview of the types of damage to which materials are exposed at high temperatures and the approaches used to estimate remaining service life. It explains how operating conditions in power plants and oil refineries can cause material-related problems such as embrittlement, creep, thermal fatigue, hot corrosion, and oxidation. It also discusses the factors and considerations involved in determining design life, defining failure criteria, and implementing remaining-life-assessment procedures.
Book Chapter
Overview of Fault Isolation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.edfatr.t56090001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-462-8
... Abstract This chapter briefly lays out the challenges associated with electrical fault isolation (EFI) brought on by continued transistor scaling and increasing package complexity. It also identifies high-priority issues and areas of technology that must be addressed for EFI tools...
Abstract
This chapter briefly lays out the challenges associated with electrical fault isolation (EFI) brought on by continued transistor scaling and increasing package complexity. It also identifies high-priority issues and areas of technology that must be addressed for EFI tools and techniques to remain effective.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... or the magnetic switch for it, the pulse generated might be detrimental to sensitive electronics, even with capacitive crosstalk coupling. Damaged power transistors or power ICs were observed, too, which controlled small electric motors. Besides inductive response, EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) also...
Abstract
Root cause of failure in automotive electronics cannot be explained by the failure signatures of failed devices. Deeper investigations in these cases reveals that a superimposition of impact factors, which can never be represented by usual qualification testing, caused the failure. This article highlights some of the most frequent early life failure types in automotive applications. It describes some of the critical things to be considered while handling packages and printed circuit board layout. The article also provides information on failure anamnesis that shows how to use history, failure signatures, environmental conditions, regional failure occurrences, user profile issues, and more in the failure analysis process to improve root cause findings.
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