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D6ac
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in Static and Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Metals
> Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture: An Introduction
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 4.14 MIL-HDBK-5 B-scale plane-strain fracture toughness values for D6AC steel as a function of heat treatment. Heat treatment designations refer to Table 4.5 . Source: Ref 4.21
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in Stress-Corrosion Cracking of High-Strength Steels (Yield Strengths Greater Than 1240 MPa)[1]
> Stress-Corrosion Cracking: Materials Performance and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2017
Fig. 3.33 Effect of prior ausforming process on delayed failure of D6AC steel in distilled water. Source: Ref 3.44
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Published: 01 November 2013
Fig. 5 Residual stress from surface grinding of D6AC steel (56 HRC). Source: Ref 5 Wheel A46K8V Wheel speed, m/min (ft/min) 1800 (6000) Cross feed, mm/pass (in.pass) 1.25 (0.050) Table speed, m/min (ft/min) 12 (40) Depth of grind, mm (in.) 0.25 (0.010) Grinding
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Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 2.13 Comparison of cyclic stress-strain curves obtained by Nachtigall ( Ref 2.6 ) for D6AC steel obtained by three different test methods
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... composition of high-strength steels Type or designation Composition, % C Cr Ni Mo Mn Co Cu Al Ti Si V Nb Low-alloy martensitic 4130 0.30 1.0 … 0.2 0.5 … … … … 0.3 … … 4340 0.40 0.8 1.9 0.25 0.7 … … … … 0.6 … … D6AC 0.45 1.15 0.55 1.0 0.8...
Abstract
High-strength steels are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) even in moist air. This chapter identifies such steels and the applications where they are typically found. It provides information on crack growth kinetics and crack propagation models in which hydrogen embrittlement is the predominant mechanism. It explains how different application variables affect SCC, including loading mode, state of stress, type of steel, temperature, electrochemical potential, heat treatment, and deformation processes. It also compares SCC characteristics in different high-strength steels and discusses the influence of composition, steelmaking practice, and application environment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... strength. To explain what this means, some data for D6AC steel are presented in Tables 4.5 and 4.6 and Fig. 4.14 . These data indicate that the alloy underwent several different heat treatments but yielded similar tensile strengths. However, depending on heat treatment, its fracture toughness could...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various types of material fracture toughness and the methods by which they are determined. It begins with a review of the basic principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics, covering the Griffith-Irwin theory of fracture, the concept of strain energy release rate, the use of fracture indices and failure criteria, and the ramifications of crack-tip plasticity in ductile and brittle fractures. It goes on to describe the different types of plain-strain and plane-stress fracture toughness, explaining how they are measured and how they are influenced by metallurgical and environmental variables and loading conditions. It also examines the crack growth resistance curves of several aluminum alloys and describes the characteristics of fracture when all or some of the applied load is in the plane of the crack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... to the choice of a very brittle material (D6AC, a high-strength tool steel) and a heat treating procedure that produced nonuniform microstructures. In 1988, the upper fuselage of a Boeing 737 operated by Aloha Air fractured without warning during level flight over the Pacific Ocean. The reasons for this were...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is the science of predicting the load-carrying capabilities of cracked structures based on a mathematical description of the stress field surrounding the crack. The fundamental ideas stem from the work of Griffith, who demonstrated that the strain energy released upon crack extension is the driving force for fracture in a cracked material under load. This chapter provides a summary of Griffith’s work and the subsequent development of linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. It includes detailed illustrations and examples, familiarizing readers with the steps involved in determining strain energy release rates, stress intensity factors, J-integrals, R-curves, and crack tip opening displacement parameters. It also covers fracture toughness testing methods and the effect of measurement variables.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
...-T351 385 56 L-T 29 84 31 28 2024-T351 292 42 S-L 32 90 21 19 7075-T651 530 77 L-T 28 82 32 29 7075-T651 446 64.5 S-L 29 84 21 19 4140 1379 200 L-T 24 75 65 59 4140 1586 230 L-T 24 75 55 50 4340 1455 211 L-T 21 70 83 75.5 D6AC 1496...
Abstract
Fracture is the separation of a solid body into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Fracture can be classified into two broad categories: ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Beginning with a comparison of these two categories, this chapter discusses the nature and causes of these failure modes. Some body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed metals, and steels in particular, exhibit a ductile-to-brittle transition when loaded under impact and the chapter describes the use of notched bar impact testing to determine the temperature at which a normally ductile failure transitions to a brittle failure. The discussion then covers the Griffith theory of brittle fracture and the formulation of fracture mechanics. Procedures for determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness are subsequently covered. Finally, the chapter describes the effects of microstructural variables on fracture toughness of steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... for an incremental step test. Source: Ref 2.6 Fig. 2.12 Incremental step cycling of cold-worked oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper followed by monotonic tension. Source: Ref 2.7 Fig. 2.13 Comparison of cyclic stress-strain curves obtained by Nachtigall ( Ref 2.6 ) for D6AC steel...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the cyclic stress-strain behavior of materials under uniaxial stress and strain cycling. It first considers the case of a stable material under constant-amplitude strain cycling then broadens the discussion to materials that harden or soften with continued strain reversals. It compares and contrasts the response patterns of such materials, explaining how the movement of dispersed particles and dislocations influences their behavior. It then examines the behavior of materials under uniaxial strain reversals of varying amplitude and explains how to construct double-amplitude stress-strain curves that account for complex straining histories. For special cases, those involving complex materials such as gray cast iron or highly complex straining patterns, the chapter presents other methods of analysis, including the rainflow cycle counting method, mechanical modeling based on displacement-limited elements, Wetzel’s method, and deformation modeling. It also explains the difference between force cycling and stress cycling and presents alternate techniques for predicting whether a material will become harder or softer in response to strain cycling.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... SS 75 50 347 SS 75 50 17-7 PH SS 66 45 17-4 PH SS 66 45 410 SS 60 50 A-286 70 55 Waspalloy 40 30 Rene 41 40 35 Maraging 250 75 60 Maraging 300 65 50 Maraging 350 45 30 D6AC 70 50 4340 70 50 6434 70 50 4130 75 55 H11 tool steel...
Abstract
Sheet metal spinning is a forming technique that produces axially symmetric hollow bodies with nearly any contour. It is often used in combination with flow forming and shear spinning to manufacture a wide range of complex parts. This chapter describes the operating principles, stress states, and failure modes of each process along with typical applications and tooling requirements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900305
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... Form tool T15 TiC 1045 steel 5,000 23,000 Form tool T15 TiN Type 303 stainless steel 1,840 5,890 Cutoff tool M2 TiC-TiN Low-carbon steel 150 1,000 Drill M7 TiN Low-carbon steel 1,000 4,000 Drill M7 TiN Titanium alloy 662 layered with D6AC tool steel, 48–50 HRC 9 86...
Abstract
Surface modification technologies improve the performance of tool steels. This chapter discusses the processes involved in oxide coatings, nitriding, ion implantation, chemical and physical vapor deposition processing, salt bath coating, laser and electron beam surface modification, and boride coatings that improve the performance of hot-work and high-speed tool steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... 200 L-T 24 75 65 59 4140 1586 230 L-T 24 75 55 50 4340 1455 211 L-T 21 70 83 75.5 D6AC 1496 217 L-T 21 70 102 93 HP9-4-20 1282 186 L-T 26 79 151 137 HP9-4-20 1310 190 T-L 26 79 138 125.5 250 Maraging 1607 233 L-T 24 75 86 78 250...
Abstract
This chapter explains how metallography and hardness testing are used to evaluate the quality and condition of metal products. It also discusses the use of tensile testing, fracture toughness and impact testing, fatigue testing, and nondestructive test methods including ultrasonic, x-ray, and eddy current testing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... formulated and mixed in-house by the manufacturer presents a cost-effective alternative to steel motor cases. Comparison of motor case materials Table 9.1 Comparison of motor case materials D6AC steel Maraging steel Titanium (6%Al-4%V) Glass-filament composite (S-2) (a) Organic-filament...
Abstract
The necessity of developing the lightest-weight structures with sufficient strength was the driving factor for the development of filament-wound composite pressure vessels. This chapter presents a brief history of the development of rocket motor cases (RMCs), followed by a comparison of the advantages of composites over metals for RMCs. A discussion on a typical design, analysis, and manufacturing operation follows. The chapter introduces the basic design approach and shows some sizing techniques along with example calculations. It discusses the processes involved in the testing of the composite pressure vessel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
Abstract
This chapter describes several macroscopic examination techniques, including macroetching, contact printing, fracturing, and lead exudation. It explains how each method is implemented, why it is used, and what it reveals about manufacturing processes, defects, imperfections, and failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... in. 4340 steel 217–238 45–57 D6AC steel 217 93 HP9-4-20 steel 186–190 120–140 18Ni maraging steel 277 45–58 2014-T651 aluminum 63–69 21–25 2219-T851 aluminum 50–52 33–37 Ti-6Al-4V 127 112 Source: Ref 9.16 Paris-Erdogan law constants for three structural alloys...
Abstract
This chapter provides a quantitative treatment of the cracking mechanisms associated with fatigue, drawing on the principles of fracture mechanics. It explains that although fracture mechanics originated with the aim of understanding sudden and catastrophic crack extension, the main premise of a stress field in the vicinity of the crack also applies to the study of cycle-by-cycle stable crack growth. A detailed review is given of the many developments and discoveries that helped shape the theory and methods collectively defined as crack mechanics, which the authors then employ to analyze the crack growth behavior of various materials, including steels and nonferrous alloys, under constant-amplitude loading. The authors then deal with the effects of complex loading using crack retardation and crack closure models to show how load fluctuations can slow crack growth rates and even cause total crack arrest. They also present the results of a study on crack initiation, propagation, and fracture in circular (rather than rectangular) specimens and a fatigue study on ductile and quasi-brittle materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... in meeting dimensional specifications as a result of the accompanying distortion of thin parts. High residual tension stresses also decreases fatigue life and increases the susceptibility to stress-corrosion failures. Fig. 5 Residual stress from surface grinding of D6AC steel (56 HRC). Source: Ref 5...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practical aspects of machining, particularly for turning, milling, drilling, and grinding operations. It begins with a discussion on machinability and its impact on quality and cost. It then describes the dimensional and surface finish tolerances that can be achieved through conventional machining methods, the mechanics of chip formation, the factors that affect tool wear, the selection and use of cutting fluids, and the determination of machining parameters based on force and power requirements. It also includes information on nontraditional machining processes such as electrical discharge, abrasive jet, and hydrodynamic machining, laser and electron beam machining, ultrasonic impact grinding, and electrical discharge wire cutting.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090367
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
Abstract
This chapter addresses the challenge of selecting an appropriate stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) test to evaluate the serviceability of a material for a given application. It begins by establishing a generic model in which SCC is depicted in two stages, initiation and propagation, that further subdivide into several zones plus a transition region. It then discusses SCC test standards before describing basic test objectives and selection criteria. The chapter explains how to achieve the required loading conditions for different tests and how to prepare test specimens to determine elastic strain, plastic strain, and residual stress responses. It also describes the difference between smooth and precracked specimens and how they are used, provides information on slow-strain-rate testing and how to assess the results, and discusses various test environments and procedures, including tests for weldments. The chapter concludes with a section on how to interpret time to failure, threshold stress, percent survival, stress intensity, and propagation rate data, and assess the precision of the associated tests.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.9781627083386
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.9781627083447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7