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CALPHAD approach
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CALPHAD approach
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... in industry. It also provides examples showing how CALPHAD has been used to determine the formability of metallic glass, calculate the dilation of stainless steel during phase transformation, and predict the beta transus and approach curves of commercial titanium alloys. CALPHAD approach Gibbs energy...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of a computational method, called CALPHAD, used for the study of phase equilibria in multicomponent systems. It describes the thermodynamic models and calculation techniques employed in the software and explains how it applies to complex alloys used in industry. It also provides examples showing how CALPHAD has been used to determine the formability of metallic glass, calculate the dilation of stainless steel during phase transformation, and predict the beta transus and approach curves of commercial titanium alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... ( No. 19 ), p 4791 – 4800 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00344-0 Kaufman L. , and Tanner L.E. , 1979 . Coupled Phase Diagrams and Thermomechanical Descriptions of the Titanium-Beryllium, Zirconium-Beryllium and Hafnium-Beryllium Systems , CALPHAD , Vol 3 , Pergamon Press Ltd. , p 91 – 107...
Abstract
Beryllium is an important additive in the production of amorphous metal alloys, achieving low density and high strength. It also plays a role in amorphous alloys that can be slowly cooled and still retain their amorphous structure. This chapter provides information on the development of amorphous alloys that contain beryllium and the applications for which they are suited.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
.... , and Andersson J.O. , The Thermo-Calc Databank System , CALPHAD , Vol 9 ( No. 2 ), 1985 , p 153 – 190 10.1016/0364-5916(85)90021-5 3.17 Thermo-Calc Software , Stockholm, Sweden , http://www.thermocalc.com (accessed December 2004 ) 3.18 Osmond F. , Transformation du Fer...
Abstract
This chapter describes the iron-carbon phase diagram, its modification by alloying elements, and the effect of carbon on the chemistry and crystallography of austenite, ferrite, and cementite found in Fe-C alloys and steels. It also lays the groundwork for understanding important metallurgical concepts, including solubility, critical temperature, dislocation defects, slip, and diffusion, and how they affect the microstructure, properties, and behaviors of steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... of data and thus has been closely coupled to the development of high-speed computing and associated software development ( Ref 11 ). Many of the developments have been published in CALPHAD , a journal dedicated to the computer calculation of phase diagrams from thermochemical information. For alloy...
Abstract
This chapter describes the various phases that form in tool steels, starting from the base of the Fe-C system to the effects of the major alloying elements. The emphasis is on the phases themselves: their chemical compositions, crystal structures, and properties. The chapter also provides general considerations of phases and phase diagrams and the determination of equilibrium phase diagrams. It describes the formation of martensite, characteristics of alloy carbides, and the design of tool steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
Abstract
Structurally differentiated intermetallic phases are important constituents in the microstructure of aluminum alloys, with the potential to influence properties, behaviors, and processing characteristics. These phases can form in aluminum-silicon alloys with transition metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, V, Ti) and with metals such as Mg and Cu. This chapter is a compilation of phase diagrams, microstructure images, and tables, providing information on more than 30 binary, ternary, and quaternary alloy systems associated with intermetallic phases in aluminum-silicon castings. Each section includes tabular information and data on the intermetallic phases in the aluminum corner of the equilibrium phase diagram, the characteristics of the crystal lattice of intermetallic phases, the chemical composition of the alloy intermetallic phases, and equilibrium reactions in the alloy system.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... subsequently. In view of the strong effect that elongated manganese sulfides have on the directionality of properties, steelmaking approaches, referred to as sulfide shape control , with additions of calcium or rare earth metals have been developed to produce hard sulfides that maintain spherical shapes...
Abstract
Inclusions and chemical segregation are factors in many process-induced failures involving steel parts. Inclusions are nonmetallic compounds introduced during production; segregation is a type of chemical partitioning that occurs during solidification. This chapter discusses the origins of segregation and inclusions and their effect on the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel. It explains how to identify various types of inclusions and characteristic segregation patterns, such as banding. It also describes the effect of hot work processing on solidification structure and the chemical variations produced by interdendritic segregation.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
Abstract
Many of the structural characteristics of steel products are a result of changes that occur during solidification, particularly volume contractions and solute redistribution. This chapter discusses the solidification process and how it affects the quality and behaviors of steel. It explains how steel shrinks as it solidifies, causing issues such as pipe and voids, and how differences in the solubility of solid and liquid steel lead to compositional heterogeneities or segregation. It describes the dendritic nature of solidification, peritectic and eutectic reactions, microporosity, macro- and microsegregation, and hot cracking, as well as the effects of solidification and remelting on castings, ingots, and continuous cast products. It explains how to determine where defects originate in continuous casters and how to control alumina, sulfide, and nitride inclusions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... 24.18 Wada T. and Ohriner E.K. , Phase Equilibrium in the Fe-Mo-W-C Systems Containing (Mo 0.7 W 0.3 )C Carbide , CALPHAD , Vol 8 , 1984 , p 69 – 74 10.1016/0364-5916(84)90028-2 24.19 Wada H. , Thermodynamics of the Fe-Cr-C System at 985 K , Metall. Trans. A , Vol 16...
Abstract
Tools steels are defined by their wear resistance, hardness, and durability which, in large part, is achieve by the presence of carbide-forming alloys such as chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium. This chapter describes the alloying principles employed in various tool steels, including high-speed, water-hardening, shock-resistant, and hot and cold work tool steels. It discusses the influence of alloy design on the evolution of microstructure and properties during solidification, heat treating, and hardening operations. It also describes critical phase transformations and the effects of partitioning, precipitation, segregation, and retained austenite.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230523
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.9781627082983
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3