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Brinell hardness testing
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Image
in Hardness Measurement of Metals—Static Methods
> Hardness Testing<subtitle>Principles and Applications</subtitle>
Published: 01 October 2011
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract This chapter discusses the operating mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of Brinell hardness testing, Rockwell hardness testing, Vickers hardness testing, Scleroscope hardness testing, and microhardness testing. In addition, the general precautions and selection...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the operating mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of Brinell hardness testing, Rockwell hardness testing, Vickers hardness testing, Scleroscope hardness testing, and microhardness testing. In addition, the general precautions and selection criteria to be considered are described and details of equipment setup provided.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... (ISO 6508 and ASTM E 18), Vickers hardness testing (ISO 6507, ASTM E92, and ASTM E384), Brinell hardness testing (ISO 6506 and ASTM E10), and Knoop hardness testing (ISO 4545 and ASTM E284). The chapter also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these test methods. Brinell hardness...
Abstract
This chapter describes the procedures, characteristics, and applications for static hardness test methods. It addresses test methods that are state of the art, commonly used, or that may find increased use due to certain advantages. The methods addressed are Rockwell hardness testing (ISO 6508 and ASTM E 18), Vickers hardness testing (ISO 6507, ASTM E92, and ASTM E384), Brinell hardness testing (ISO 6506 and ASTM E10), and Knoop hardness testing (ISO 4545 and ASTM E284). The chapter also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these test methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... for the instrumented indentation test and hardness conversions. Brinell hardness testing instrumented indentation test Knoop hardness testing Rockwell hardness testing Vickers hardness testing General Comments on Standardization Standardization is, according to the 18th edition of the Brockhaus...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the general principles involved in codifying standards and describes the historical development of materials testing standards. It provides information on the standards related to the Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell, and Knoop methods as well as those for the instrumented indentation test and hardness conversions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... of commonly used hardness testing systems: the Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Scleroscope, and various microhardness testers that employ Vickers or Knoop indenters. The effect of carbon content on annealed steels and hardened steels is then discussed. A brief discussion on the concept of the ideal critical...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the general principles of measuring hardness and hardenability of steel. The discussion begins by defining hardness and exploring the history of hardness testing. This is followed by a discussion on the principles, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of commonly used hardness testing systems: the Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Scleroscope, and various microhardness testers that employ Vickers or Knoop indenters. The effect of carbon content on annealed steels and hardened steels is then discussed. A brief discussion on the concept of the ideal critical diameter and austenitic grain size of steels is also provided to understand how one can calculate and quantify hardenability. The processes involved in various methods for evaluating hardenability are reviewed, discussing the effect of alloying elements on hardenability.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... Today, the classical stationary hardness testing methods according to Brinell, Vickers, and Rockwell are well established. However, as soon as very large samples or samples that are unmanageable and difficult to test in conventional testing machines are used, practical and (as much as possible) portable...
Abstract
In dynamic hardness tests, the test force is applied to the defined indenter in an accelerated way (with a high application rate). Dynamic test methods relate hardness to the elastic response of a material, whereas the classical static indentation tests determine hardness in terms of plastic behavior. This chapter describes the most important and widespread dynamic hardness testing methods. These tests fall into two categories: methods in which the deformation is measured and methods in which the energy is measured. Methods that measure deformation include the Poldi hammer method, the shearing force method, the Baumann hammer method, and the Dynatest method. Methods that measure energy include the Shore method, the Leeb method, and the Nitronic method. The chapter concludes with a discussion of applications of dynamic hardness testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpp.t59380163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-456-7
... Abstract This chapter covers the steps and tests that are important to produce quality parts in heat treating. The quality tests discussed include hardness tests, such as Brinell, Rockwell, and microhardness tests. The chapter also examines tensile testing, toughness testing, optical...
Abstract
This chapter covers the steps and tests that are important to produce quality parts in heat treating. The quality tests discussed include hardness tests, such as Brinell, Rockwell, and microhardness tests. The chapter also examines tensile testing, toughness testing, optical metallography, and nondestructive testing. The chapter concludes by discussing in-process inspections and the final inspection.
Image
Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 5-6 ( a ) Vickers diamond pyramid hardness tester. (Courtesy of Vickers Limited.) ( b ) Vickers, Brinell, and Rockwell tests can be performed on the Dia-Testor 2Rc hardness tester. ( Courtesy of Otto Wolpert-Werke GmbH .) ( c ) Vickers, Brinell, and Rockwell tests can be performed
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060465
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... Abstract This appendix includes tables and figures that provide approximate Brinell equivalent hardness numbers for steels. Brinell equivalent hardness number steel HARDNESS CONVERSIONS ( Fig. A3.1 and Table A3.1 ) are empirical relationships limited to specific categories...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... and Applications,” Draft VDI/VDE 2625, The Association of German Engineers , 2005–08 8. DIN EN ISO 6707-3 9. “Metallic Materials—Brinell Hardness Test,” ISO 6506, Parts 1 to 4, International Organization for Standardization , 2005 10. “Metallic Materials—Vickers Hardness Test,” ISO 6507...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of nondestructive hardness testing methods for metals, including electromagnetic impulse testing, photothermal testing, scratch hardness testing, and ultrasonic contact impedance testing. It also discusses the use of ultrasound to determine the depth of hardening in a metal or alloy. The chapter reviews methods used to check and calibrate hardness testing machines and indenters and the use of hardness reference blocks for verification and calibration of test machines. It also addresses conversion of hardness values determined by one method to equivalent values for a different method.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... Abstract Hardness tests provide valuable information about the quality of materials and how they are likely to perform in different types of service. This chapter covers some of the most widely used hardness testing methods, including Vickers, Rockwell, and Brinell tests, Shore scleroscope...
Abstract
Hardness tests provide valuable information about the quality of materials and how they are likely to perform in different types of service. This chapter covers some of the most widely used hardness testing methods, including Vickers, Rockwell, and Brinell tests, Shore scleroscope and Equotip hardness tests, and microindentation tests. It describes the equipment and procedures used, discusses the factors that influence accuracy, and provides hardness conversion equations for different types of materials. It also explains how hardness testing sheds light on anisotropy, machinability, wear, fracture toughness, and tensile strength as well as temperature effects, residual stress, and quality control.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130529
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... numbers for steel. Brinell hardness numbers Vickers hardness numbers steel Rockwell hardness numbers hardness conversion equations FROM A PRACTICAL STANDPOINT, it is important to be able to convert the results of one type of hardness test into those of a different test. Because a hardness...
Abstract
This appendix is a collection of tables listing examples of published hardness conversion equations, approximate Rockwell B and C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels, and equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell hardness numbers and Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness numbers for steel.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... that directly or indirectly indicates the contact pressure involved in deforming the test surface. Because the indenter is pressed into the material during testing, hardness is also viewed as the ability of a material to resist compressive loads. The indenter may be spherical (as in the Brinell test), pyramidal...
Abstract
This chapter explains how metallography and hardness testing are used to evaluate the quality and condition of metal products. It also discusses the use of tensile testing, fracture toughness and impact testing, fatigue testing, and nondestructive test methods including ultrasonic, x-ray, and eddy current testing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... Abstract This chapter reviews the tests and procedures used for measuring hardness of plastics and elastomers. The conventional testing methods (Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and Knoop) used for testing of metals are based on the idea that hardness represents the resistance against permanent...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the tests and procedures used for measuring hardness of plastics and elastomers. The conventional testing methods (Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and Knoop) used for testing of metals are based on the idea that hardness represents the resistance against permanent plastic deformation of the material to be tested. However, elastic deformation must be considered in hardness measurement of elastomers. This chapter discusses the equipment and processes involved in the durometer (Shore) test, the International Rubber Hardness Degree test, and other specialized tests. It presents the criteria that can be used to select a suitable hardness testing method for elastomers or plastics and describes processes involved in specimen preparation and equipment calibration.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... indentation test with mechanical, hydraulic depth measurement. 1900 J.A. Brinell developed the ball indentation test. 1907 P. Ludwik reported on a cone probe used both statically and dynamically. A.F. Shore created the rebound hardness measuring method. E. Meyer set up the power law for the ball...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of hardness testing and defines the term hardness. It describes the interrelationship between material structure and hardness and the relationships between hardness and other mechanical material properties. In addition, information on the hardness unit and traceability of the hardness measurement are provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
...; Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop hardness tests; and Charpy V-notch impact tests. The chapter also provides information on loading conditions that can lead to fatigue failure, and in some cases, counteract or prevent it. fatigue failure hardness test mechanical properties notched impact test...
Abstract
Metals are used in many engineering applications because of their mechanical properties, particularly strength and ductility. This chapter explains how mechanical properties are measured and how to interpret the results. It describes the most widely used tests, including tensile tests; Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop hardness tests; and Charpy V-notch impact tests. The chapter also provides information on loading conditions that can lead to fatigue failure, and in some cases, counteract or prevent it.
Image
in Hardness Measurement of Metals—Static Methods
> Hardness Testing<subtitle>Principles and Applications</subtitle>
Published: 01 October 2011
Image
Published: 01 December 1995
Fig. 16-7 Distribution of tensile test properties for alloy cast steels heat treated to a Brinell hardness range of 270-321 [120 ksi (827 MPa) minimum tensile strength]. 260 heats
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... scales. Approximate relation between various hardness-test scales Table 1 Approximate relation between various hardness-test scales Brinell (a) Rockwell Vickers pyramid Tukon (Knoop) C A 30-N 15-N B 30-T 15-T ... 70 86.5 86.0 94.0 ... ... ... 1076 ... ... 65...
Abstract
The through-hardening process is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. Four different methods of heat treatment are primarily used for through-hardened gears. In ascending order of achievable hardness, these methods are annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the through-hardening of gears. It provides information on designing procedures, hardness, distortion, and applications of the through-hardened gears. The chapter presents a case history on the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... of through-hardened gears are specified and measured in other scales besides Rockwell, such as Vickers and Brinell. Table 4.1 shows an approximate relationship among the various commonly used hardness scales. Approximate relation between various hardness-test scales Table 4.1 Approximate relation...
Abstract
Through-hardening heat treatment is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. In through hardening, gears are first heated to a required temperature and then cooled either in the furnace or quenched in air, gas, or liquid. Four heat treatment methods are primarily used for through-hardened gears: annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter begins with a discussion of these through-hardening processes. This is followed by sections providing some factors affecting the design and hardness levels of through-hardened gears. Next, the chapter reviews the considerations related to distortion of through-hardened gears. It then discusses the applications of through-hardened gears. Finally, the chapter presents a case history of the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
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