This appendix lists approximate equivalent hardness numbers and tensile strengths for Brinell hardness numbers for steel.

This appendix is a collection of tables listing examples of published hardness conversion equations, approximate Rockwell B and C hardness conversion numbers for nonaustenitic steels, and equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell hardness numbers and Vickers (diamond pyramid) hardness numbers for steel.

This chapter discusses the general principles of measuring hardness and hardenability of steel. The discussion begins by defining hardness and exploring the history of hardness testing. This is followed by a discussion on the principles, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of commonly used hardness testing systems: the Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Scleroscope, and various microhardness testers that employ Vickers or Knoop indenters. The effect of carbon content on annealed steels and hardened steels is then discussed. A brief discussion on the concept of the ideal critical diameter and austenitic grain size of steels is also provided to understand how one can calculate and quantify hardenability. The processes involved in various methods for evaluating hardenability are reviewed, discussing the effect of alloying elements on hardenability.

This chapter discusses the operating mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of Brinell hardness testing, Rockwell hardness testing, Vickers hardness testing, Scleroscope hardness testing, and microhardness testing. In addition, the general precautions and selection criteria to be considered are described and details of equipment setup provided.

This appendix is a glossary of terms related to induction heat treating.

Malleable iron has unique properties that justify its application in the metal working industry. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and mechanical properties of malleable iron; provides a description of the malleabilization process; and presents manufacturing guidelines for malleable iron castings.

This appendix lists approximate equivalent hardness numbers and tensile strengths for Vickers hardness numbers for steel.

This appendix includes tables and figures that provide approximate Brinell equivalent hardness numbers for steels.

This appendix lists approximate equivalent hardness numbers and tensile strengths for Rockwell C and B hardness numbers for steel.

Hardness tests provide valuable information about the quality of materials and how they are likely to perform in different types of service. This chapter covers some of the most widely used hardness testing methods, including Vickers, Rockwell, and Brinell tests, Shore scleroscope and Equotip hardness tests, and microindentation tests. It describes the equipment and procedures used, discusses the factors that influence accuracy, and provides hardness conversion equations for different types of materials. It also explains how hardness testing sheds light on anisotropy, machinability, wear, fracture toughness, and tensile strength as well as temperature effects, residual stress, and quality control.

This appendix provides tables listing alloy compositions and standard designations and common unit and hardness conversion factors.

This chapter explains how metallography and hardness testing are used to evaluate the quality and condition of metal products. It also discusses the use of tensile testing, fracture toughness and impact testing, fatigue testing, and nondestructive test methods including ultrasonic, x-ray, and eddy current testing.

This chapter covers mechanical properties, microstructures, chemical compositions, manufacturing processes, and engineering of gating practices for several applications of gray, white, and alloyed cast irons. It begins with a description of material standards, followed by a section providing information on the practice of stress relieving. Next, the chapter details various ways of eliminating slag entrainment while designing gating and venting systems. Several factors related to the establishment of the optimum pouring rate and time are then covered. Further, the chapter discusses the technology of unalloyed or low-alloyed gray iron castings and white iron and high-alloyed cast irons. Finally, it describes the casting defects that are associated with cast iron and the processes involved in solving these defects. The article includes a number of figures illustrating the topics discussed.

Metals are used in many engineering applications because of their mechanical properties, particularly strength and ductility. This chapter explains how mechanical properties are measured and how to interpret the results. It describes the most widely used tests, including tensile tests; Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Knoop hardness tests; and Charpy V-notch impact tests. The chapter also provides information on loading conditions that can lead to fatigue failure, and in some cases, counteract or prevent it.

This chapter is a compilation of terms and definitions related to component failure analysis.

This chapter reviews the general principles involved in codifying standards and describes the historical development of materials testing standards. It provides information on the standards related to the Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell, and Knoop methods as well as those for the instrumented indentation test and hardness conversions.