This chapter begins with a review of the mechanics of bending and the primary elements of a bending system. It examines stress-strain distributions defined by elementary bending theory and explains how to predict stress, strain, bending moment, and springback under various bending conditions. It describes the basic principles of air bending, stretch bending, and U- and V-die bending as well as rotary, roll, and wipe die bending, also known as straight flanging. It also discusses the steps involved in contour (stretch or shrink) flanging, hole flanging, and hemming and describes the design and operation of press brakes and other bending machines.

This data set contains the results of rotating-beam reversed-bending fatigue tests for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys. These fatigue curves are the results of tests on individual lots of material considered representative of the respective alloys and tempers.

This chapter deals with the effects of fatigue in rotating shafts subjected to elastic and plastic strains associated with bending stresses. It begins with a review of the basic approach to treating low-cycle fatigue in bending, explaining that the assumption that stress is proportional to strain is incorrect due to plastic flow, causing considerable discrepancy between measured and calculated stresses. Data plots of the axial and bending fatigue characteristics of a 4130 steel help illustrate the problem. A closed-form solution is then presented and used to analyze the effects of flexural bending on solid as well as hollow rectangular and round bars. The chapter also discusses the difference in the treatment of a rotating shaft in which all surface elements undergo the same stress and strain and a nonrotating shaft in which a few surface elements carry most of the load. The difference, as explained, is due to the volumetric effect of stress in fatigue.