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Bearing steel
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
...Abstract Abstract The first step in the hardening of steel is getting it hot enough to form austenite, from which martensite can form upon quenching. Not all steels have the same austenitization requirements, however. High-carbon wear-resistant steels, such as bearing and tool steels, require...
Abstract
The first step in the hardening of steel is getting it hot enough to form austenite, from which martensite can form upon quenching. Not all steels have the same austenitization requirements, however. High-carbon wear-resistant steels, such as bearing and tool steels, require the presence of carbides during austenitization; plain carbon and low-alloy steels do not. This chapter describes the austenitization process used in each of the two cases, namely single-phase austenitization (the accepted method for plain carbon low-alloy steels) and two-phase austenitization (required for high-carbon steels). It also addresses process-specific issues, explaining how the presence of carbides (in the two-phase process) produces significant changes, and how homogenization and austenite grain growth influence the single-phase process.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
..., overheating, and fracture. Two center support bearings of an aircraft engine failed in service. The ball bearings were both of the single-row, deep-groove type with split inner rings and a cage. The cage was made of aluminum bronze. The rings and balls were made of steel, equivalent to 52100 bearing...
Abstract
A pair of bearings mounted side by side in an aircraft engine failed in service. Photographs show that the inner rings were either broken or deformed, the balls were worn and flattened, and the cages severely damaged. The bearing races were damaged as well, but only on one side indicating a directional thrust. In addition to their examination, investigators also conducted metallographic studies and hardness tests, which indicated that the balls and inner rings reached temperatures above 825 °C (1520 °F). Based on their findings, investigators concluded that the bearings failed due to overheating, possibly as a result of misalignment compounded by insufficient lubrication and high speeds.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... MnS + A1 2 O 3 ... Many Fig. 5.45 Effect of number of large oxide inclusions on the flaking of rig-tested bearings (1309 outer rings). Through-hardened steel for ball bearings; composition, 1C, 0.5Mn, 1.5Cr. Source: Ref 60 Fig. 5.46 White etching “butterfly,” developed...
Abstract
This chapter is a study of the microstructure of case-hardened steels. It explains what can be learned by examining grain size, microcracking, nonmetallic inclusions, and the effects of microsegregation. It identifies information-rich features, describing their ideal characteristics, the likely cause of variations observed, and their effect on mechanical properties and behaviors. The discussions throughout the chapter are aided by the use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... and Hardenability in Steels,” Climax Molybdenum Co. of Michigan , 1967 , p 155 – 167 17. Jenkins I. , Controlled Atmospheres for the Heat Treatment of Metals , Chapman and Hall Ltd. , London , 1951 18. Averbach B.L. , Fracture of Bearing Steel , Met. Prog. , Vol 118 ( No. 7...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the formation of free carbides and their effect on case-carburized components. It explains how alloying elements influence the composition and structure of carbide phases produced at cooling rates typical of carburizing process. It describes the morphology and distribution of the various types of carbides formed and explains how they affect mechanical properties such as hardness, residual stresses, fatigue and fracture behaviors, and wear resistance. It also provides guidance for determining what processing conditions to avoid and when and why parts should be rejected.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... 12.5 1.1 Sandvik 19C27 0.95 13.5 0.60 11.3 5.6 As seen in Table B1 , the Minebea steel, DD400, has a very similar composition to the Uddeholm and Sandvik steels of Table 13.8 . A paper by Rideout ( Ref B2 ) compared this steel to 440C for use in bearings hardened to the HRC = 61...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
...) are dangerously low for protection from brittle failures. For example, of all the steels used in an automobile, the maximum %C is only 0.4 in all parts except the springs, where %C is 0.6 (often 5160 in the leaf springs and 9260 in the coil springs), and the bearings, where %C is 1 (often 52100). This preference...
Abstract
Most quenched steels are tempered because the toughness of as-quenched steels is generally very poor. The tempering operation sacrifices strength for improvements in ductility and toughness. This chapter discusses the tempering process, the challenge of tempered martensite embrittlement, and the effect of wt% carbon on toughness. It also explains how alloying elements improve the hardenability and tempering response of plain carbon steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... using the hot-work steel H13 described earlier. The main area of concern with extrusion dies is the bearing face area ( Fig. 2 ). Fig. 2 Schematic cross section of an aluminum extrusion die made from H13 steel showing the bearing (wear) surface and a core with hardness of 38 to 44 HRC. Source...
Abstract
The nitriding process can be applied to various materials and part geometries. This chapter focuses on tool steels, pure irons, low-alloy steels, and maraging steels. Various considerations such as the surface metallurgy requirements of the die, including case depth, compound layer formation, and temperature, are also discussed in this chapter. The chapter also addresses steel selection and surface metallurgy of gears.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... physical quality Hot-rolled alloy steel bars Regular quality Aircraft quality or steel subject to magnetic particle inspection Axle shaft quality Bearing quality Cold-heading quality Special cold-heading quality Rifle barrel quality, gun quality, shell or A.P. shot quality Alloy steel wire...
Abstract
This chapter describes the classification of steels and the various compositional categories of commercial steel products. It explains how different alloying elements affect the properties of carbon and low-alloys steels and discusses strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance and how to improve them.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
....2006.11.015 13.27 Hewitt W. , The Spheroidise Annealing of High-Carbon Steels and Its Effect on Subsequent Heat Treatment , Heat Treatment of Metals , Vol 9 , 1982 , p 56 – 62 13.28 Stickels C.A. , Carbide Refining Heat Treatments for 52100 Bearing Steel , Metall. Trans. , Vol...
Abstract
This chapter describes heat treatments that produce uniform grain structures, reduce residual stresses, and improve ductility and machinability. It also discusses spheroidizing treatments that improve strength and toughness by promoting dispersions of spherical carbides in a ferrite matrix. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the mechanical properties of ferrite/pearlite microstructures in medium-carbon steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410499
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... of Material Properties on Bearing Fatigue Strength , Effect of Steel Manufacturing Processes on the Quality of Bearing Steels , Hoo J. J. , Ed., STP 987, ASTM , Philadelphia, PA , 1988 , p 81 – 101 10.1520/STP26228S 21.65 Evans M.-H. , White Structure flaking (WSF) in wind turbine...
Abstract
Mechanical components often require surface treatments to meet application demands. This chapter describes several surface hardening treatments for steel and their effect on microstructure, composition, and properties. It discusses flame hardening, induction heating, carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing. The discussion on carburizing addresses several interrelated factors, including processing principles, alloying, surface oxidation, residual stresses, bending fatigue, contact fatigue, and fracture.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... for this alloy. Therefore, 5160 is closer to the pearlite composition than 1060, and the increase in the volume fraction pearlite formation as cooling rates are increased will be greater for 5160 than in 1060. As a second example, consider the widely used bearing steel 52100, which has a carbon content...
Abstract
Steels contain a wide range of elements, including alloys as well as residual processing impurities. This chapter describes the chemical composition of low-alloy AISI steels, which are classified based on the amounts of chromium, molybdenum, and nickel they contain. It explains why manganese is sometimes added to steel and how unintended consequences, such as the development of sulfide stringers, can offset the benefits. It also examines the effect of alloying elements on the iron-carbon phase diagram, particularly their effect on transformation temperatures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... and are scrap. Should the surface exhibit a failure of the case due to chipping (e.g., on the pressure face of a gear), it is usually indicative of an aluminum-bearing (Nitralloy) steel. The aluminum-bearing steels have very high surface hardness values and cannot be subjected to an impact load condition...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... of Carburized Steel Cases ,” Paper 740222, Society of Automotive Engineers , 1974 10.4271/740222 8. Engine Bearing Service Manual , 7th ed. , Federal Mogul Bearings, Inc. , 1956 , p 93 9. Pedersen R. and Rice S.L. , Case Crushing of Carburized and Hardened Gears , SAE Trans...
Abstract
The wear caused by contact stress fatigue is the result of a wide variety of mechanical forces and environments. This chapter discusses the characteristics of four types of contact stress fatigue on mating metal surfaces: surface, subsurface, subcase, and cavitation. Features and corrective actions for these contact stress fatigue are discussed. The chapter also lists some possible ways to reduce the cavitation fatigue problem.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... temperature before cooling. An effective way to achieve spheroidization with hypoeutectoid steels is to cycle the steel approximately 50 °C (90 °F) above and below A 1 a few times. Figure 4.24 presents an example of a 52100 bearing steel produced by the second method described in the previous paragraph...
Abstract
The mechanical properties of steel are strongly influenced by the underlying microstructure, which is readily observed using optical microscopy. This chapter describes common room-temperature steel microstructures and how they are achieved via heat treatment. It discusses the production of hypo- and hypereutectoid steels and the effect of cooling rate on microstructure. It also examines quenched steels and the phase transformations associated with rapid cooling. It describes the development of lath and plate martensite, retained austenite, and bainite and how to identify the various phases. The chapter concludes with a brief review of spheroidized microstructures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300301
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... be metal. The polymer composites that have significant utility in tribology are fabric-lined or plastic-sheet-lined plain bearings. Figure 11.18 shows a conventional plastic plain bearing (vertical tube) and a filament-wound fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) tube with a fluorocarbon fabric liner; steel...
Abstract
This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of plastics and elastomers. It begins by describing the molecular differences between the two types of polymers and their typical uses. It then discusses the important attributes of engineering plastics and their suitability for applications involving friction, erosion, and adhesive and abrasive wear. It also discusses the tribology of elastomers and rubber along with their basic differences and the conditions under which they produce Schallamach waves. It includes information on polymer composites as well.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... that affects silicon nitride and most other ceramics is their low coefficient of thermal expansion. The silicon nitride coefficient of thermal expansion is 25% that of steel, so when a pressed-in bearing assembly heats up in service, the pressed-in outer race can become loose. Thus, to use all-ceramic bearings...
Abstract
This chapter concerns itself with the tribology of ceramics, cermets, and cemented carbides. It begins by describing the composition and friction and wear behaviors of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconia. It then compares and contrasts the microstructure, properties, and relative merits of cermets with those of cemented carbides.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... primarily for structures or load-bearing applications, attention is also paid to atomic-scale strengthening, deformation, and fracture mechanisms in the microstructural systems designed for specific applications. Steels are defined primarily by chemical composition, namely, that they are alloys composed...
Abstract
This chapter provides perspective on the physical dimensions associated with the microstructure of steel and the instruments that reveal grain size, morphology, phase distributions, crystal defects, and chemical composition, from which properties and behaviors derive. The chapter also reviews the definitions and classifications used to identify and differentiate commercial steels, including the AISI/SAE and UNS designation systems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770037
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
...-Hardened Steel , Metal Sci. Heat Treat. (USSR) , ( No. 7 ), July 1966 , p 560 – 563 10.1007/BF00673502 10. Naisong X. , Stickels C.A. , and Peters C.R. , The Effect of Furnace Atmosphere Carbon Potential on the Development of Residual Stresses in 52100 Bearing Steel , Metall...
Abstract
This chapter explains how decarburization can occur during carburizing processes and how to limit the severity of its effects. It describes the reactions and conditions that result in a loss of carbon atoms and how they vary with changes in the physical metallurgy of the affected material and the processing environment. It examines the characteristic features of decarburized microstructures and assesses their influence on hardness, residual stresses, and fatigue and fracture behaviors. It also discusses corrective measures and practical considerations regarding their use.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... processed to provide favorable grain flow consistent with load pattern rather than being machined from blanks cut from mill-rolled bar. Surface-Hardening Steels General Properties Carburizing or nitriding grades of steel are usually specified where maximum wear resistance is required for bearing...
Abstract
This chapter describes important requirements for ferrous and nonferrous alloys used for gears. Wrought surface-hardening and through-hardening carbon and alloy steels are the most widely used of all gear materials and are emphasized in this chapter. The processing characteristics of gear steels and the bending fatigue strength and properties of carburized steels are reviewed. In addition to wrought steels, the chapter provides information on the other iron-base alloys that are used for gears, namely cast carbon and alloy steels, gray and ductile cast irons, powder metallurgy irons and steels, stainless steels, and tool steels. In terms of nonferrous alloys, the chapter addresses copper-base alloys, die cast aluminum alloys, zinc alloys, and magnesium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... walking because of the bone-on-bone rubbing on a joint that lost the body’s natural bearing material—cartilage. The earliest artificial hips used a stainless-steel femur in a PTFE (Teflon) socket. Many patients received pain-free walking with these hips, but they soon discovered that the PTFE wore too...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes and procedures involved in tribotesting, the significance of test parameters and conditions, and practical considerations including test metrics and measurements and the interpretation of wear damage. It also describes the different types of erosion tests in use and common approaches for adhesive wear and abrasion testing.