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Bearing steel
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Image
in Avoidance, Control, and Repair of Fatigue Damage[1]
> Fatigue and Durability of Structural Materials
Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 11.4 Fatigue strength of ball bearing steel ShKh15 as a function of inclusion content. Source: Ref 11.9
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Image
Published: 01 December 1999
Image
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 5.40 Fatigue fracture of bearing steel caused by inclusions in rotary bending. Distance from steel surface vs. diameter of inclusions that initiated fatigue fracture. Source: Ref 60 , 73 Steel Composition, % C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Cu â—‹ 1.04 0.27 0.40 0.013 0.011
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Image
Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 1-4 Hot-acid etching of this disc from a bearing steel billet revealed broken corners, a lap (upper left), several small seams, and freckle-type segregation.
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in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.68 Bearing part in steel 100Cr6 (similar to AISI 52100) subjected to selective quenching. The hardened layer is 2.25 mm (0.09 in.) thick. The core is spheroidized. Etchant: nital 3%. Courtesy of D. Lober. Source: Ref 26
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Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 11.1 Comparison of the red hardness of cobalt-bearing grades of high-speed steel (M33, M36, and T15) vs. that of non-cobalt-bearing grades (M1, M2, M4, M7, and T1). Source: Ref 11.8
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Image
Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 2A2.1 Cyclic strain hardening/softening behavior of two steels. (a) AM 350 alloy. (b) 52100 bearing steel ( Ref 2.4 )
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
.... Visual Examination of General Physical Features The ball bearings were both of the single-row, deep-groove type with split inner rings and a cage. The cage was made of aluminum bronze. The rings and balls were made of steel, equivalent to 52100 bearing steel. These bearings were mounted side by side...
Abstract
A pair of bearings mounted side by side in an aircraft engine failed in service. Photographs show that the inner rings were either broken or deformed, the balls were worn and flattened, and the cages severely damaged. The bearing races were damaged as well, but only on one side indicating a directional thrust. In addition to their examination, investigators also conducted metallographic studies and hardness tests, which indicated that the balls and inner rings reached temperatures above 825 °C (1520 °F). Based on their findings, investigators concluded that the bearings failed due to overheating, possibly as a result of misalignment compounded by insufficient lubrication and high speeds.
Image
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 21.38 White-etching features in a butterfly morphology around an inclusion particle in a quench and tempered steel subjected to cyclic contact stresses. Light micrograph. Reprinted with permission from ASTM STP987 Effect of Steel Manufacturing Processes on the Quality of Bearing Steels
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Image
Published: 01 December 1999
-chromium bearing steel (ShKh15) after quenching and cold treatment (soak time 3 h). Source: Ref 20 .1 kg/mm 2 = 9.8 MPa
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Image
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 8.6 Maximum surface temperature during dry grinding with aluminum oxide or cubic boron nitride (CBN) of a bearing steel. Source: Ref 10
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... Abstract The first step in the hardening of steel is getting it hot enough to form austenite, from which martensite can form upon quenching. Not all steels have the same austenitization requirements, however. High-carbon wear-resistant steels, such as bearing and tool steels, require...
Abstract
The first step in the hardening of steel is getting it hot enough to form austenite, from which martensite can form upon quenching. Not all steels have the same austenitization requirements, however. High-carbon wear-resistant steels, such as bearing and tool steels, require the presence of carbides during austenitization; plain carbon and low-alloy steels do not. This chapter describes the austenitization process used in each of the two cases, namely single-phase austenitization (the accepted method for plain carbon low-alloy steels) and two-phase austenitization (required for high-carbon steels). It also addresses process-specific issues, explaining how the presence of carbides (in the two-phase process) produces significant changes, and how homogenization and austenite grain growth influence the single-phase process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... 12.5 1.1 Sandvik 19C27 0.95 13.5 0.60 11.3 5.6 As seen in Table B1 , the Minebea steel, DD400, has a very similar composition to the Uddeholm and Sandvik steels of Table 13.8 . A paper by Rideout ( Ref B2 ) compared this steel to 440C for use in bearings hardened to the HRC = 61...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900153
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... Fig. 1 Core support of the nitrided case on a forging die. Source: Ref 1 Fig. 2 Schematic cross section of an aluminum extrusion die made from H13 steel showing the bearing (wear) surface and a core with hardness of 38 to 44 HRC. Source: Ref 1 Fig. 3 Extrusion presses...
Abstract
The nitriding process can be applied to various materials and part geometries. This chapter focuses on tool steels, pure irons, low-alloy steels, and maraging steels. Various considerations such as the surface metallurgy requirements of the die, including case depth, compound layer formation, and temperature, are also discussed in this chapter. The chapter also addresses steel selection and surface metallurgy of gears.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270097
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... examination wear Summary An aircraft engine had cockpit warning of metal particles in the engine oil and in the oil filter. Analysis showed that the problem was due to excessive clearance between the outer race of the bearing and the steel housing, further assisted by insufficient lubrication...
Abstract
Metal particles were frequently detected in the oil of an aircraft engine, triggering an investigation that led to a torque sensor and its mounting components. The sensor assembly was removed and examined in greater detail. As the chapter explains, investigators discovered that one of the bearings had been subjected to excessive friction, evidenced by brinelling, metal flow, heat tinting, deformation, and wear. They also observed extensive grooving on a retaining plate and several washers matching the diameter of the outer bearing races. Based on their findings, investigators concluded that excessive clearance allowed the outer bearing races to rotate, thus removing material from adjacent contact surfaces and accelerating the buildup of metal particles in the engine oil. The chapter recommends several design changes to remedy the problem.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... of hardened steel gears, rolling-element bearings, roller cams, and other parts or assemblies where there is a combination of rolling and sliding motion. The parts subject to wear fatigue failure generally have two convex, or counterformal, surfaces in contact under load. Typical components...
Abstract
The wear caused by contact stress fatigue is the result of a wide variety of mechanical forces and environments. This chapter discusses the characteristics of four types of contact stress fatigue on mating metal surfaces: surface, subsurface, subcase, and cavitation. Features and corrective actions for these contact stress fatigue are discussed. The chapter also lists some possible ways to reduce the cavitation fatigue problem.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... for controlling the amount of carbon in the final as-quenched martensite. For example, while working with bearing steels, Averbach varied the temperature within the Ac 1 to Ac cm range to control the amount of undissolved carbide, thereby controlling the amount of carbon remaining in the austenite ( Ref 18...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the formation of free carbides and their effect on case-carburized components. It explains how alloying elements influence the composition and structure of carbide phases produced at cooling rates typical of carburizing process. It describes the morphology and distribution of the various types of carbides formed and explains how they affect mechanical properties such as hardness, residual stresses, fatigue and fracture behaviors, and wear resistance. It also provides guidance for determining what processing conditions to avoid and when and why parts should be rejected.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
...) are dangerously low for protection from brittle failures. For example, of all the steels used in an automobile, the maximum %C is only 0.4 in all parts except the springs, where %C is 0.6 (often 5160 in the leaf springs and 9260 in the coil springs), and the bearings, where %C is 1 (often 52100). This preference...
Abstract
Most quenched steels are tempered because the toughness of as-quenched steels is generally very poor. The tempering operation sacrifices strength for improvements in ductility and toughness. This chapter discusses the tempering process, the challenge of tempered martensite embrittlement, and the effect of wt% carbon on toughness. It also explains how alloying elements improve the hardenability and tempering response of plain carbon steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
.... A point to bear in mind is that as the grain size increases, the impact transition temperature increases. The effect of grain size in relation to the impact strength of a plain-carbon steel in the normalized condition is shown in Fig. 5.11 . The same trends apply to case-hardening steels in the blank...
Abstract
This chapter is a study of the microstructure of case-hardened steels. It explains what can be learned by examining grain size, microcracking, nonmetallic inclusions, and the effects of microsegregation. It identifies information-rich features, describing their ideal characteristics, the likely cause of variations observed, and their effect on mechanical properties and behaviors. The discussions throughout the chapter are aided by the use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300301
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
.... This is another idiosyncrasy of plastics. A rule of thumb for plastic plain bearings is 1% (0.010 in. clearance for every inch of shaft diameter). For a 1.000 in. diameter steel shaft, the inside diameter of a plastic plain bearing should be 1.010 in.. The explanation for this is that plastic wear debris...
Abstract
This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of plastics and elastomers. It begins by describing the molecular differences between the two types of polymers and their typical uses. It then discusses the important attributes of engineering plastics and their suitability for applications involving friction, erosion, and adhesive and abrasive wear. It also discusses the tribology of elastomers and rubber along with their basic differences and the conditions under which they produce Schallamach waves. It includes information on polymer composites as well.
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