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4340
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
...–0.65 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.30 1.65–2.00 0.40–0.60 0.20–0.30 4340 G43400 0.38–0.43 0.60–0.80 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.30 1.65–2.00 0.70–0.90 0.20–0.30 E4340 G43406 0.38–0.43 0.65–0.85 0.025 0.025 0.15–0.30 1.65–2.00 0.70–0.90 0.20–0.30 4615 G46150 0.13–0.18 0.45–0.65 0.035...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fundamentals of heat treating of alloy steels. It begins with an overview of the designations of AISI-SAE grades of alloy steels, followed by a description of the purposes served by alloying elements. The effects of specific alloying elements on the heat treatment of alloy steels and of boron on hardenability of alloy steels are then discussed. Procedures for heat treating four specific alloy steels (4037, 4037H; 4140, 4140H; 4340, 4340; and E52100) are subsequently presented. The chapter concludes with a brief account of austempering and martempering treatments.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... composition of high-strength steels Type or designation Composition, % C Cr Ni Mo Mn Co Cu Al Ti Si V Nb Low-alloy martensitic 4130 0.30 1.0 … 0.2 0.5 … … … … 0.3 … … 4340 0.40 0.8 1.9 0.25 0.7 … … … … 0.6 … … D6AC 0.45 1.15 0.55 1.0 0.8...
Abstract
High-strength steels are susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) even in moist air. This chapter identifies such steels and the applications where they are typically found. It provides information on crack growth kinetics and crack propagation models in which hydrogen embrittlement is the predominant mechanism. It explains how different application variables affect SCC, including loading mode, state of stress, type of steel, temperature, electrochemical potential, heat treatment, and deformation processes. It also compares SCC characteristics in different high-strength steels and discusses the influence of composition, steelmaking practice, and application environment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... the deformation behavior of AISI 4310, 4320, 4330, and 4340 steels in which nickel, chromium, and molybdenum contents were held constant at 1.8, 0.80, and 0.25%, respectively, and carbon varied between 0.12 and 0.41%. The substitutional alloying elements provide good hardenability; 4320 steel is an important...
Abstract
Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite in low-carbon steels. It also discusses the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation properties of medium-carbon steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... or none AISI 4340 38–42 510–550 (950–1020) 89.0 0.254–0.635 (0.010–0.025) 38.10–80.01 (1.50–3.15) Fe 4 N or none Nitralloy 135M 28–32 510–550 (950–1020) 92.0 0.203–0.508 (0.008–0.020) 20.32–100.33 (0.8–3.95) Fe 4 N Nitralloy N 25–32 510–550 (950–1020) 92.0 0.203–0.508 (0.008–0.020...
Abstract
Several limitations in achieving optimal gear performance with conventional nitriding have led researchers to work on a variety of novel and improved nitriding processes. Of these, ion/plasma nitriding offers some promising results, which are reviewed in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a case history describing the application of ion nitriding to an internal ring gear of an epicyclic gearbox.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410439
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
..., Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 1987 19.41 Materkowski J.P. , “ Tempered Martensite Embrittlement in 4340 Steel as Related to Phosphorus Content and Carbide Morphology ,” M.S. thesis, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 1978 10.1007/BF02811697 19.42 Krauss G...
Abstract
This chapter describes the causes of cracking, embrittlement, and low toughness in carbon and low-alloy steels and their differentiating fracture surface characteristics. It discusses the interrelated effects of composition, processing, and microstructure and contributing factors such as hot shortness associated with copper and overheating and burning as occur during forging. It addresses various types of embrittlement, including quench embrittlement, tempered-martensite embrittlement, liquid-metal-induced embrittlement, and hydrogen embrittlement, and concludes with a discussion on high-temperature hydrogen attack and its effect on strength and ductility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
.... , Ed., TMS , Warrendale , 2003 , p 27 – 41 6.16 Baozhu G. and Krauss G. , The Effect of Low-Temperature Isothermal Heat Treatments on the Fracture of 4340 Steel , J. Heat Treating , Vol 4 ( No. 4 ), 1986 , p 365 – 372 10.1007/BF02833092 6.17 Hillert M...
Abstract
Bainite is an intermediate temperature transformation product of austenite. This chapter describes the conditions under which bainite is likely to form. It discusses the effects of alloying on bainitic transformation, the difference between upper and lower bainite, and the influence of solute drag on bainite formation mechanisms. It also discusses the development of ferrite-carbide bainites and their effect on toughness, hardness, and ductility.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... 1.6543 8720 1.6543 8720H 1.6543 8822 1.6543 8822H 1.6545 8630 1.6545 8630H 1.6546 8640 1.6546 8640H 1.6546 8740 1.6546 8740H 1.6562 E4340 1.6562 E4340H 1.6565 4340 1.6565 4340H 1.6755 4718 1.6755 4718H 1.7006 5140H 1.7006 5150 1.7007...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... of nitriding steels commonly used in gears Steel C Mn Si Cr Al Mo Ni Nitralloy 135 0.35 0.50 0.30 1.20 1.00 0.20 ... Nitralloy 135M 0.41 0.55 0.30 1.60 1.00 0.35 ... Nitralloy N 0.23 0.55 0.30 1.15 1.00 0.25 3 AISI 4340 0.40 0.70 0.30 0.80 ... 0.25 1...
Abstract
Nitriding is a surface hardening heat treatment that introduces nitrogen into the surface of steel while it is in the ferritic condition. Gas nitriding using ammonia as the nitrogen-carrying species is the most commonly employed process and is emphasized in this chapter. Nitriding produces a wear- and fatigue-resistant surface on gear teeth and is used in applications where gears are not subjected to high shock loads or contact stress. It is useful for gears that need to maintain their surface hardness at elevated temperatures. Gears used in industrial, automotive, and aerospace applications are commonly nitrided. This chapter discusses the processes involved in gas, controlled, and ion nitriding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... Chemical and Structural Changes in Quenched and Tempered 4340 Steel , Acta Mater. , Vol 77 , Sept 2014 , p 17 – 24 10.1016/j.actamat.2014.05.032 17.34 Miller M.K. , Atom Probe tomography for studying phase transformations in steels , Phase transformations in steels , Vol 2...
Abstract
Most steels that are hardened are subjected to a subcritical heat treatment referred to as tempering. Tempering improves the toughness of as-quenched martensitic microstructures but lowers strength and hardness. This chapter describes the microstructural changes that occur during tempering and their effect on the mechanical properties of steel. It also discusses the effect of alloying elements and the formation of oxide colors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... 3 AISI 4340 0.40 0.70 0.30 0.80 … 0.25 1 AISI 4140 0.40 0.90 0.30 0.95 … 0.20 … 31CrMoV9 0.30 0.55 0.30 2.50 … 0.20 … To improve the quality of nitriding, some pre-nitriding requirements are important, including: Gears are to be free from decarburization...
Abstract
Nitriding is a case-hardening process used for alloy steel gears and is quite similar to case carburizing. Nitriding of gears can be done in either a gas or liquid medium containing nitrogen. This chapter discusses the processes involved in gas nitriding. It reviews the effects of white layer formation in nitrided gears and presents general recommendations for nitrided gears. The chapter describes the microstructure, overload and fatigue damage, bending-fatigue life, cost, and distortion of nitrided gears. Information on nitriding steels used in Europe and the applications of nitrided gears are also provided. The chapter presents case studies on successful nitriding of a gear and on the failure of nitrided gears used in a gearbox subjected to a load with wide fluctuations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... 0.040 0.15–0.35 1.65–2.00 0.40–0.60 0.20–0.30 4340 G43400 0.38–0.43 0.60–0.80 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 1.65–2.00 0.70–0.90 0.20–0.30 Nickel (0.55%)-chromium-molybdenum steels 8620 G86200 0.18–0.23 0.70–0.90 0.035 0.040 0.15–0.35 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.60 0.15–0.25 8640 G86400...
Abstract
Alloy steels are alloys of iron with the addition of carbon and one or more of the following elements: manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, tungsten, cobalt, copper, vanadium, silicon, aluminum, and boron. Alloy steels exhibit superior mechanical properties compared to plain carbonsteels as a result of alloying additions. This chapter describes the beneficial effects of these alloying elements in steels. It discusses the mechanical properties, nominal compositions, advantages, and engineering applications of various classes of alloy steels. They are low-alloy structural steels, SAE/AISI alloy steels, high-fracture-toughness steels, maraging steels, austenitic manganese steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, dual-phase steels, and transformation-induced plasticity steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540423
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... steels are compiled in this appendix. Room-temperature ultimate tensile strength and plane-strain fracture toughness values for several commonly used high-strength steels are shown in Fig. A10.1 and A10.2 . Plane-strain fracture toughness versus strength for 4345, 4340, and the precipitation-hardening...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... Through hardening AISI 4140 (AMS 6382) (a) AISI 4340 (AMS 6414) HP 9-4-30 (AMS 6526) Maraging 300 (AMS 6514) Nitriding: Low-case, high surface hardness 60 HRC and higher Nitralloy 135M (AMS 6471) (a) Nitralloy N Nitriding: Deep-case, surface hardness below 60 HRC AISI 4140 (AMS 6382...
Abstract
The successful design and manufacture of gears are influenced largely by design requirements, material selection, and proper heat treatment. This chapter addresses the cost factors and tradeoffs involved in selecting a material, design features, and a heat treating process to optimize gear performance for a particular application.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
...-molybdenum steels nickel-molybdenum steels chromium steel A selection of isothermal diagrams for Carbon steels (1019, 1030, 1050, 1060, 1080) Cr-Mo steels (4130, 4140) Ni-Cr-Mo steels (4340, 8620) Ni-Mo Steel (4640) Cr steel (5160, 52100) Fig. A10.1 Carbon steels, 1019...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
...Effect of inclusions in 4340 forged steel Table 1 Effect of inclusions in 4340 forged steel Property Electric furnace melted Vacuum melted Longitudinal fatigue limit, MPa (ksi) 800 (116) 959 (139) Transverse fatigue limit, MPa (ksi) 545 (79) 827 (120) Ratio transverse...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that play a role in fatigue failures and how they affect the service life of metals and structures. It describes the stresses associated with high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue and how they differ from the loading profiles typically used to generate fatigue data. It compares the Gerber, Goodman, and Soderberg methods for predicting the effect of mean stress from bending data, describes the statistical nature of fatigue measurements, and explains how plastic strain causes cyclic hardening and softening. It discusses the work of Wohler, Basquin, and others and how it led to the development of a strain-based approach to fatigue and the use of fatigue strength and ductility coefficients. It reviews the three stages of fatigue, beginning with crack initiation followed by crack growth and final fracture. It explains how fracture mechanics can be applied to crack propagation and how stress concentrations affect fatigue life. It also discusses fatigue life improvement methods and design approaches.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... (after ASTM G65 with 60 mesh alumina) of two carbon steels compared with an alloy steel (4340). All were tested in the annealed condition. Fig. 8.8 Effect of hardness on the two-body abrasion (ASTM G174) of type 01 tool steel Fig. 8.9 ASTM G132 type of two-body abrasion test (alumina...
Abstract
This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of carbon, alloy, and tool steels. It begins a review of commercially available shapes and forms. It then describes the metallurgy and microstructure of various designations and grades of each type of steel and explains how it affects their performance in adhesive and abrasive wear applications and in environments where they are subjected to solid particle, droplet, slurry, and cavitation erosion and fretting damage.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... cooling. The TTT and CCT diagrams for 4340 are compared in Fig. 11.8 and 11.9 , respectively. There are two main types of CCT diagrams. The first type, shown in Fig. 11.9 , has axes that show the temperature of the steel on the ordinate axis and time in seconds plotted on a logarithmic scale...
Abstract
One of the primary advantages of steels is their ability to attain high strengths through heat treatment while still retaining some degree of ductility. Heat treatments can be used to not only harden steels but also to provide other useful combinations of properties, such as ductility, formability, and machinability. This chapter discusses various heat treatment processes, namely annealing, stress relieving, normalizing, spheroidizing, and hardening by austenitizing, quenching and tempering. It also discusses two types of interrupted quenching processes: martempering and austempering. The chapter concludes with a brief section on temper embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... will be. Some of the common gear materials that offer acceptable case and core properties after induction hardening are AISI 1040, 1050, 4140, 4340, and 5150 steels. Selection of the material condition (hot rolled, cold rolled) can affect the magnitude and repeatability of induction hardening. Hot-rolled...
Abstract
Induction and flame hardening are methods of hardening the surfaces of components, usually in selected areas, by the short-time application of high-intensity heating followed by quenching. These processes are used when gear teeth require high hardness, but size or configuration does not lend itself to carburizing and quenching the entire part. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the induction and flame hardening, covering the applicable materials, hardening patterns, preheat treatment, quenching, tempering, surface hardness, case depth, hardening problems, dual-frequency process, and applications.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... (374 °F) for 5 h. (a) Light micrograph. (b) Transmission electron micrograph. Courtesy of H. Okamoto, Tottori University. Source: Ref 15.19 Fig. 15.37 Isothermal transformation diagram for 4340 steel and isothermal heat treatments applied to produce various microstructures for fracture...
Abstract
This chapter examines two important strengthening mechanisms, martensitic and bainitic transformations, both of which occur under nonequilibrium cooling conditions. It explains how time-temperature-transformation diagrams are constructed and how they are used to understand and control the formation of martensite and bainite in steel and other alloys. It describes the morphology of both types of structures, the factors that influence their formation, how they respond to tempering processes, and their effect on mechanical properties and behaviors. It also discusses the role of transformation hysteresis in shape memory alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
... not depend on the alloy content. (From same source as Fig. 3-2 ) Fig. 3-4 Hardness versus cooling rate for a 1080 steel and a 4340 steel. For each steel, the curve is for a specific austenite grain size Fig. 3-5 Description of the Jominy test. (From same source as Fig. 3-2 ) Fig...
Abstract
The crux of this chapter is to develop a method to quantitatively define hardenability. The chapter includes the empirical methods to estimate the hardenability knowing the chemical composition, describes prior austenite grain size, and examines their utility. It then reviews the Jominy end-quench test and explains its relation to hardenability. The chapter outlines the concepts of the critical diameter and the ideal critical diameter, leading to establishing a quantitative measure of hardenability. Next, it examines methods that have been developed which allow estimation of the ideal critical diameter from the chemical composition and the austenite grain size. The chapter reviews the methods which allow calculation of the Jominy curve from a value of the ideal critical diameter. Additionally, it describes the selection and application of H-band steels. Finally, the chapter describes the effect of boron on the hardenability of steels.