Malleable iron has unique properties that justify its application in the metal working industry. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and mechanical properties of malleable iron; provides a description of the malleabilization process; and presents manufacturing guidelines for malleable iron castings.

This appendix provides tensile property and fracture toughness data for various low-alloy and stainless steels.

This appendix consists of a table listing cross reference to non-AISI and AISI steels of various countries, namely France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

This article discusses the metallurgy and properties of ductile cast iron. It begins with an overview of ductile or spheroidal-graphite iron, describing the specifications, applications, and compositions. It then discusses the importance of composition control and explains how various alloying elements affect the properties, behaviors, and processing characteristics of ductile iron. The article describes the benefits of nickel and silicon additions in particular detail, explaining how they make ductile iron more resistant to corrosion, heat, and wear.

This chapter contains tables listing room-temperature tensile yield strength comparisons of metals and plastics and room-temperature tensile modulus of elasticity comparisons of various materials.

This appendix provides fracture toughness and tensile property data for aluminum alloys in the 2000, 6000, 7000, and 8000 series as well as B201 and D357 aluminum castings and powder metal alloys.

This chapter presents the usefulness of martensitic chromium stainless steels discovered in England and America, the usefulness of ferritic chromium stainless steels discovered in America, and the usefulness of chromium-nickel stainless steels discovered in Germany. It also provides a short note on the usefulness of chromium-silicon steels.

Martensitic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium-carbon alloys that possess a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (martensitic) in the hardened condition. Martensitic stainless steels are similar to plain carbon or low-alloy steels that are austenitized, hardened by quenching, and then tempered for increased ductility and toughness. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, corrosion resistance, and general welding considerations of martensitic stainless steels. It also discusses the causes for hydrogen-induced cracking in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments.

Steels that resist corrosive attack from normal atmospheric exposure and contain a minimum of 10.5% Cr and 50% Fe are generally classified as stainless steels. Their special qualities lie in a chromium-rich oxide surface film that quickly regrows when damaged. This chapter discusses the classification, composition, properties, treatments, and applications of austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex, precipitation-hardening, powder metallurgy, and cast stainless steels. It also reviews the history of stainless steels and provides information on alloy designation systems.

This appendix provides tensile property and stress-rupture data for wrought and cast superalloys at various temperatures.

This chapter discusses the methods by which stainless steel powders are shaped and compacted prior to sintering, including rigid die compaction, metal injection molding, extrusion, and hot isostatic pressing. It explains where each process is used and how processing parameters, such as temperature and pressure, and powder characteristics, such as particle size and shape, influence the quality of manufactured parts. It describes the various stages of metal powder compaction, the role of lubricants, and how to account for dimensional changes in the design of tooling and process sequences.

This appendix provides composition data and application-related information on a wide range of superalloys in both wrought and cast form.

Combustion turbines consist of a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. As commonly configured, the compressor and turbine mount on a single shaft that connects directly to a generator. This chapter reviews the materials of construction, damage mechanisms, and life-assessment techniques for nozzles and buckets. It also presents key information from a detailed review of the literature and the results of a survey on combustion-turbine material problems.