Fig. 9.3 Salt spray test results. (a) 304 alloys. (b) 316 regular alloys. (c) 316 special alloys. (d) SS-100 alloys. B-rating, attack of 1% or less of the surface; C-rating, attack of 1 to 25% of the surface; D-rating, attack of more than 25% of the surface. Source: Ref 15 . Reprinted More

Fig. 8.44 Grain and twin boundaries in a sensitized AISI/SAE 316 austenitic stainless steel. 4% picral plus hydrochloric acid etch. 250× More

Fig. 8.46 Annealed AISI/SAE 316 austenitic stainless steel showing grain boundaries but the absence of twins. Ideal for grain size measurements by image analysis. Electrolytically etched with 60% nitric acid and 40% water using a platinum cathode at 5 V. 500× More

Fig. 8.47 Delta ferrite stringers in an AISI/SAE 316 austenitic stainless steel. Electrolytically etched with 60% nitric acid and 40% water using a stainless steel cathode at 10 V. 500× More

Fig. 1.11 Micrograph of AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel showing a microstructure consisting of 100% austenite. The straight-edged areas (marked by arrows) within the grains are annealing twins. Electrolytically etched in 60 parts nitric acid in 40 parts water, stainless steel cathode, at 6 More

Fig. 2.36 Austenite grains in an AISI/SAE 316 austenitic stainless steel. Straight-edged regions are annealing twins. 4% picral and HCl etch. 500× More

Fig. 3.43 Microstructure of an AISI/SAE 316 stainless steel showing sensitization. Note the chromium carbides at the austenite grain boundaries. The steel was exposed to 675 °C (1250 °F) for 12 days. HCl/HNO 3 /H 2 O etch. 1000× More

Fig. 3.44 Microstructure of an AISI 316 stainless steel showing severe sensitization. Exposed to 730 °C (1350 °F) for two months. HCl/HNO 3 /H 2 O etch. 1000× More

Fig. 3.53 Microstructure of a machined AISI 316 stainless steel bar showing (a) deformation bands at the surface and (b) annealing twins at the center. Electrolytic etch of 10% oxalic acid in water, stainless steel cathode, 6V, 10 s. 200× More

Fig. 3.54 A sensitized condition found in the central region of the AISI 316 stainless steel bar in Fig. 3.53 . Note the carbides on the grain boundaries and annealing twins. Electrolytic etch of 10% oxalic acid in water, stainless steel cathode, 6V, 10 s. 1500× More

Fig. 8 (a) A type 316 stainless steel pipe section exposed to a high-chloride environment, resulted in stress-corrosion cracking on the external surface. (b) A photomicrograph of a metallographic cross section removed from a location of cracking in (a). There is a distinct branching morphology More

Fig. 5.47 Micrographs of a cold-worked AISI 316 stainless steel sheet taken with (a) bright-field illumination and (b) differential interference contrast illumination. Note the excellent clarity of surface relief in the differential interference contrast illumination. Electrolytic etch (10 More

Fig. 5.58 A large, unmounted sheet of AISI 316 stainless steel with a test weld placed on the stage of an upright metallurgical microscope. The specimen rests on a large ball of clay. Note that the objective is missing from the nosepiece, exposing the specimen surface to the light beam. More

Fig. 5.60 Micrograph of the delta ferrite (dark) in the welded area of the AISI 316 stainless steel specimen in Fig. 5.58 . Electrolytic etch (10% oxalic acid in water, stainless steel cathode). 1000× More

Fig. 4.30 Temperature and concentration limits for caustic SCC of types 304, 347, 316, and 321. After Ref 4.113 More

Fig. 5.30 Comparison of the SCC resistance of alloy 600, alloy 800, and AISI 316 stainless steel in deaerated caustic soda solutions at 350 °C (660 °F). (a) Effect of stress (NaOH = 100 g/L). (b) Effect of caustic soda concentration (σ ≈ 0.8 σ 0.2 ). Source: Ref 5.141 , 5.143 More

Fig. 19 SEM fractograph of type 316 stainless steel tested in creep to fracture in air at 800 °C (1470 °F) at a load of 103 MPa (15 ksi). Time to rupture, 808 h. The fractograph illustrates the formation of cavities at the grain boundaries. Original magnification at 1260× More

Fig. 4 Two views of deep pits in a type 316 stainless steel centrifuge head due to exposure to CaCl 2 solution More

Fig. 20 Severe localized corrosion on a type 316 stainless steel heat exchanger tube. Attack occurred beneath deposits, which were removed to show wastage. Source: Nalco Chemical Company More

Fig. 36 Effect of contact with lead on erosion-corrosion of type 316 stainless steel. The velocity of the 10% sulfuric acid solution was 12 m/s (39 ft/s) More