Fig. 9.3 Salt spray test results. (a) 304 alloys. (b) 316 regular alloys. (c) 316 special alloys. (d) SS-100 alloys. B-rating, attack of 1% or less of the surface; C-rating, attack of 1 to 25% of the surface; D-rating, attack of more than 25% of the surface. Source: Ref 15 . Reprinted More

Fig. 4.18. Effect of tensile hold time on fatigue endurance of type 316 stainless steel ( Ref 41 ). More

Fig. 7 Corroded type 316 stainless steel pipe from a black liquor evaporator. Two forms of attack are evident: preferential attack of the weld metal ferrite, suffered during HCl acid cleaning, and less severe attack in the sensitized HAZ center. Source: Ref 4 More

Fig. 9 Three key contributors necessary for IGSCC in welded types 304 and 316 stainless steel pipes More

Fig. 8.27 Comparison of experimental results with modified Neuber equations. (a) 316 stainless steel ( K t = 2.1, S y = 421 MPa, or 61 ksi). (b) Ti-6Al-4V ( K t = 2.37, S y = 1000 MPa, or 145 ksi). (c) 316 stainless steel ( K t = 2.8, S y = 524 MPa, or 76 ksi). (d) PWA 1057 ( K More

Fig. 11.11 Filter characteristics of 316 B-F powder as a function of porosity and sieve fraction. (a) Viscous permeability coefficient. (b) Filter grade by glass bead test. Source: Ref 6 . Reprinted with permission from MPIF, Metal Powder Industries Federation, Princeton, NJ More

Fig. 8.53 Micrograph of a sample of stainless steel AISI 316 subjected to unidirectional solidification in the direction indicated by the arrow. Columnar grains from solidification are evident. Dendrite images are clearly visible because this steel initially solidifies as austenite More

Fig. 16 Compound layer in type 316 stainless steel consisting entirely of S-phase. SBN, 455 °C (850 °F) for 5 h. Marble’s reagent, 1000×. Source: Ref 12 More

Fig. 17 Diffusion response of annealed types 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steel to SBN in Nu-Tride at 400 to 625 °C (750 to 1160 °F). Source: Ref 13 More

Fig. 3.7 Example of CC cracking. AISI type 316 stainless steel, 705 °C (1300 °F), 50% N f . Source: Ref 3.3 More

Fig. 3.8 Enlarged view of CC cracking. AISI type 316 stainless steel, 705 °C (1300 °F), 50% N f . Source: Ref 3.3 More

Fig. 3.12 Examples of PC fracture initiated by oxide cracking in AISI type 316 stainless steel at 760 °C (1300 °F). (a) Before oxide removal. (b) After oxide removal. Source: Ref 3.3 More

Fig. 3.16 Examples of CP damage and cracking in AISI type 316 stainless steel at 705 °C (1300 °F), at only 10% of expected creep-fatigue life. (a) Voiding in grain boundaries and slip-plane sliding. (b) Intergranular cracking and slip-plane sliding. Source: Ref 3.3 More

Fig. 3.18 Failures in AISI type 316 stainless steel at approximately equal strain ranges. (a) CP: Δε CP = 0.0147, N f = 15 cycles. (b) PC: Δε PC = 0.0162, N f = 264 cycles. Source: Ref 3.3 More

Fig. 5.17 Conventionally evaluated CP life equation for AISI type 316 stainless steel at 816 °C (1500 °F). Source: Ref 5.23 More

Fig. 5.19 Creep ductility versus rupture (exposure) time for AISI type 316 stainless steel at 816 °C (1500 °F). Source: Ref 5.23 More

Fig. 5.20 Failure time-modified CP life relationship for AISI type 316 stainless steel at 816 °C (1500 °F). Source: Ref 5.5 , 5.23 More

Fig. 5.23 Correlation of calculated and observed cycles to failure for AISI type 316 stainless steel at 816 °C (1500 °F). (a) Conventionally evaluated strain-range partitioning life relationships. (b) Steady-state creep-rate-modified life relationships. Source: Ref 5.26 More

Fig. 5.25 Comparison of metallographic sections from specimens of type 316 stainless steel fatigued to failure in CP tests with varying exposure times. (a) High creep-rate test at 815 °C (1500 °F). (b) Low creep-rate test at 815 °C. (c) High creep-rate test at 705 °C (1300 °F). (d) Low creep More

Fig. 6.18 Total strain range vs. cyclic life for stress ramping of 316 stainless steel at 650 °C (1200 °F), with frequency as a parameter. Source: Ref 6.2 More