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Surface hardness
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.9781627083263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.9781627083119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.9781627083379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
Abstract
Gas carburizing is known to promote internal oxidation in steel which can adversely affect certain properties. This chapter discusses the root of the problem and its effect on component lifetime and performance. It explains that gas-carburizing atmospheres contain water vapor and carbon dioxide, providing oxygen that reacts with alloying elements, particularly manganese, chromium, and silicon. It examines the composition and distribution of oxides produced in different steels and assesses the resulting composition gradients. It describes how these changes influence the development of high-temperature transformation products as well as microstructure, hardenability, and carbon content and properties such as fatigue and fracture behaviors, hardness, and wear resistance. It also explains how to manage internal oxidation through material design, process control, and other measures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
Abstract
This chapter discusses the formation of free carbides and their effect on case-carburized components. It explains how alloying elements influence the composition and structure of carbide phases produced at cooling rates typical of carburizing process. It describes the morphology and distribution of the various types of carbides formed and explains how they affect mechanical properties such as hardness, residual stresses, fatigue and fracture behaviors, and wear resistance. It also provides guidance for determining what processing conditions to avoid and when and why parts should be rejected.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of retained austenite in quenched carburized steels. It explains why retained austenite can be expected at the surface of case-hardened components, how to estimate the amount that will be present, and how to effectively stabilize or otherwise control it. It presents detailed images and data plots showing how retained austenite appears and how it influences hardness, tensile properties, residual stresses, fatigue and fracture behaviors, and wear resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
Abstract
The design of case-hardened components is an iterative process, requiring the consideration of multiple interrelated factors. This chapter walks readers through the steps involved in selecting an appropriate material and assessing the influence of alloy composition and cooling rate on core properties including hardenability, microstructure, tensile and yield strength, ductility, toughness, and fatigue resistance. It likewise explains how carbon affects case hardenability, surface hardness, and case toughness and how case depth influences residual stresses and bending and contact fatigue. It also discusses the effect of quenching methods and addresses the issue of distortion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with tempering and refrigeration treatments and their effect on case-carburized parts. It explains how tempering makes such parts easier to machine, more structurally and dimensionally stable, and more durable in certain applications. It identifies key process parameters and provides test data showing how they affect hardness, yield strength, bending and contact fatigue, and fracture toughness. It also addresses potential problems stemming from process-related factors such as the presence of hydrogen and the effects of aging and grinding. In regard to refrigeration, the chapter explains that it is not uncommon for subzero treatments to be included in the production of carburized parts whether as a standard procedure or optional step. Subzero cooling promotes the transformation of retained austenite to martensite, thereby increasing surface hardness and reducing the propensity of quenched carburized steels to burn and crack during surface grinding. The chapter includes numerous data plots and tables showing how the various treatments influence hardness, wear resistance, tensile properties, and fatigue and fracture behaviors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
Abstract
Mechanical treatments such as grinding and shot peening are often employed in the production of case-carburized parts. Grinding, besides restoring precision, removes carbide films, internal oxidation, and high-temperature transformation products. Shot peening strengthens component surfaces and induces a stress state that increases fatigue resistance. This chapter describes both processes as well as roller burnishing. It explains how these treatments are applied and how they influence the microstructure, properties, and behaviors of case-hardened components. It also addresses process challenges, particularly in regard to grinding.