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Powder metallurgy
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Book Chapter
Extrusion of Hard Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion technology of hard alloys. The chapter provides an overview of hollow extrusion for aerospace application. It presents extrusion defects related to hard alloys. The chapter describes the extrusion quality requirements for aerospace applications. It also discusses extrusion of aluminum-matrix composites. The chapter outlines the powder metallurgy process for making billets for extrusion.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief history of powder metallurgy from its earliest known uses to present day applications.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter provides a qualitative overview of powder preparation technologies including milling, mechanical alloying, electrolytic dissolution, metal oxide reduction, solid-state reactive synthesis, and gas, water, and centrifugal atomization. It discusses the general implementation of each process, the materials for which they are used, and the powder characteristics that can be achieved.
Book Chapter
Fabrication of Bulk Components from Mechanically Alloyed Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter covers various consolidation techniques used in powder metallurgy, including laser sintering (pressureless sintering), hot pressing, high-pressure torsion, microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering, and pulse plasma sintering. It also discusses the effect of milling parameters on mechanically alloyed powders, their consolidation characteristics, and the properties of bulk components.
Book Chapter
Various Conventional and Advanced Sintering Methods to Consolidate Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of sintering techniques and the microstructures and properties that can be achieved in different material systems. It covers conventional furnace sintering, microwave and laser sintering, hot and hot-isostatic pressing, and spark plasma sintering. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each method, the mechanisms involved, and the effect of sintering parameters on the density, grain size, and mechanical properties of titanium and tungsten heavy alloys, stainless steel, cemented carbides, ceramics, composites, and rare earth magnets.
Book Chapter
Sintering Concepts Relevant to Greater Density and Improved Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter describes how forces and temperatures generated during sintering influence particle bonding, grain growth, shrinkage, and densification as well as bulk material properties. It explains how density, a good predictor of mechanical and electrical properties, can be controlled by proper selection of sintering time, temperature, and particle size for various steels, ceramics, and tungsten and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Comparing the Microstructure of Components Prepared by Various Powder Metallurgy and Casting Methods
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter examines the microstructure of metallic components produced by casting and compares them with microstructures achieved by means of powder metallurgy. It shows how metals and alloys obtained by various processing routes differ in terms of grain size, secondary phases, oxide and carbide dispersions, porosity, dendritic formation, and properties such as hardness, toughness, tensile strength, and yield strength.
Book Chapter
Relationship of Structure-Properties on the Powder Metal Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
The porous structure of powder-metal materials, and thus the sintering method, has a significant impact not only on the properties of PM components, but also on how they respond to surface treatments and fabrication processes such as coating and joining. This chapter explains how the microstructure of PM parts achieved by different sintering methods influences the development of galvanized coatings and the mechanisms involved in sinter bonding and various welding and brazing processes. It presents and interprets the results of several studies in which PM materials, including iron, copper, stainless steel, brass, and bronze alloys, are joined by spot welding, projection welding, and solid-state welding as well as furnace and microwave brazing. It also examines the effects of ZrSiO 4 additions on the friction and wear behaviors of PM bronze brake-lining materials.
Book Chapter
How Does Powder Metallurgy Facilitate the Preparation of Intermetallics and High-Entropy Alloys?
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter discusses the growing role of powder metallurgy in the production of intermetallic, Heusler, and high-entropy alloys. It reviews the challenges of producing these materials by conventional methods and the advantages of sinter-based PM techniques. It explains why PM processes are better suited for complex materials than casting and compares the properties of intermetallic, Heusler, and high-entropy alloys prepared by casting and powder-metal techniques.
Book Chapter
Comparison of Additive Manufacturing and Powder Metallurgy Methods and Their Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the differences between powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing and explains how they influence the microstructure and properties of various alloys and the formation of defects in manufactured parts.
Book Chapter
Role of Powder Metallurgy Industries in Various Sectors―Part 1
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of powder metallurgy on the design and production of nuclear energy reactors, wind turbines, biomedical devices, and gas turbine engines.
Book Chapter
Role of Powder Metallurgy Industries in Various Sectors―Part 2
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400337
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter explains how powder metallurgy technologies are being leveraged for the production of automotive components, electric motors, rare-earth permanent magnets, and the infrastructure for high-speed rail transport.
Book Chapter
The Economic Contribution of Powder Metallurgy Industries, Associations, and Employment Opportunities
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400367
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Abstract
This chapter discusses the economic importance of powder metallurgy in various countries, the types of jobs created, and the role of powder metallurgy associations around the world.
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.9781627084796
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to powder processing of binders and polymers. It sets the context for the remainder of the book by providing an overview of the topics discussed in the subsequent chapters and by providing introduction to powder-binder fabrication and customization of feedstock and describing the challenges in component production. The chapter also summarizes alphabetically a few key concepts in powder-binder processing.
Book Chapter
Engineering Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
Abstract
This chapter introduces the key powder fabrication attributes to assist in the identification of the right powders for an application. First, it describes the characteristics of engineering powders such as particle size distribution, powder shape and packing density, surface area, powder flow and rheology, and chemical analysis. The chapter then describes the general categories of powder fabrication methods, namely mechanical comminution, electrochemical precipitation, thermochemical reaction, and phase change and atomization. It provides information on the two largest contributors to powder price, namely raw material cost and conversion cost. The applicability of various processes to specific material systems is mentioned throughout this chapter.
Book Chapter
Powder-Binder Feedstock Mixing and Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of various attributes related to mixing and testing of powder-binder feedstocks. Mixing parameters and their effects on feedstock properties is discussed. The attributes reviewed include mixture homogeneity, wetting, powder-binder ratio, feedstock density, elastic modulus, rheological behavior, particle size, formulation control, feedstock mixing, and feedstock properties. The chapter also provides information on the processes involved in feedstock preparation and testing.
Book Chapter
Shaping Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
Abstract
The conversion of feedstock into a shape involves the application of heat and pressure, and possibly solvents. This chapter discusses the operating principle, advantages, limitations, and applications of such shaping processes, namely additive manufacturing, cold isostatic pressing, die compaction, extrusion, injection molding, slip casting, slurry processes, and tape casting. Information on equipment setup, requirements, and the various factors influencing these processes are described. In addition, the chapter provides information on novel approaches and processing costs applicable to these shaping processes.
Book Chapter
Sintering Densification
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
Abstract
After shaping and first-stage binder removal, the component (with remaining backbone binder) is heated to the sintering temperature. Further heating induces densification, evident as dimensional shrinkage, pore rounding, and improved strength. This chapter begins with a discussion on the events that are contributing to sintering densification, followed by a discussion on the driving forces, such as surface energy, and high-temperature atomic motion as well as the factors affecting these processes. The process of microstructure evolution in sintering is then described, followed by a discussion on the tools used for measuring bulk properties to monitor sintering and density. The effects of key parameters, such as particle size, oxygen content, sintering atmosphere, and peak temperature, on the sintered properties are discussed. Further, the chapter covers sintering cycles and sintering practices adopted as well as provides information on dimensional control and related concerns of sintering. Cost issues associated with sintering are finally covered.
Book Chapter
Component Mechanical Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
Abstract
When a material is sintered and evaluated for performance, the primary focus is on mechanical properties. This chapter discusses structural properties for representative materials. Some guidelines are presented on the types of tests and how property values depend on the testing procedure. Mechanical hardness and strength tabulations are provided to document sintered properties.
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