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Hot isostatic pressing
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
Stainless steel powders are usually made by water or gas atomization. This chapter describes both processes and the properties and characteristics of the powders they produce. It also discusses secondary processes, including drying, screening, annealing, and lubricating, and the effects of iron contamination on corrosion resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
This chapter discusses the methods by which stainless steel powders are shaped and compacted prior to sintering, including rigid die compaction, metal injection molding, extrusion, and hot isostatic pressing. It explains where each process is used and how processing parameters, such as temperature and pressure, and powder characteristics, such as particle size and shape, influence the quality of manufactured parts. It describes the various stages of metal powder compaction, the role of lubricants, and how to account for dimensional changes in the design of tooling and process sequences.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
This chapter discusses the sintering process for stainless steel powders and its influence on corrosion resistance. It begins with a review of sintering furnaces and atmospheres and the effect of temperature and density on compact properties such as conductivity, ductility, and strength. It then describes the relationship between sintered density and corrosion resistance and how it varies for different types of powders and operating environments. The chapter also explains how stainless steel powders respond to different sintering atmospheres, including hydrogen, hydrogen-nitrogen, and vacuum, and liquid-phase sintering processes.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
This chapter discusses the mechanical properties of powder metal stainless steels and the extent to which they can be controlled through appropriate alloying and processing steps. It describes how process-related factors, such as porosity, interstitial content, sintering atmosphere, and heating and cooling profiles, affect strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance. It also provides an extensive amount of property data – including tensile and yield strength, elongation, hardness, and creep and stress rupture measurements as well as fatigue curves – for various grades of powder metal stainless steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages of using powder metallurgy to produce magnetic materials, particularly its ability to control chemistry and near-net shape. It also explains how process parameters and powder characteristics influence the physical and magnetic properties of common stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
This chapter describes a number of corrosion testing methods for sintered stainless steels, including immersion, salt spray, and electrochemical tests, ferric chloride and ferroxyl tests, and elevated-temperature oxidation resistance tests. It also provides corrosion resistance and performance data from various sources.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
This chapter describes secondary processes employed in the production of powder-metal stainless steel parts, including various machining operations, welding, brazing, sinter bonding, resin impregnation, re-pressing and sizing, and surface finishing. It also discusses the factors that affect the machinability and weldability of sintered stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
This chapter discusses the growing use of sintered stainless steels in automotive applications and various types of filters and filtering media. It also describes how these materials are produced in the form of metal foams and cellular structures and how they serve as flake pigments in corrosion-resistant coatings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
This chapter provides information on the properties and behaviors of stainless steels and stainless steel powders. It begins with a review of alloy designation systems and grades by which stainless steels are defined. It then describes the composition, metallurgy, and engineering characteristics of austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation hardening stainless steel powders and metal injection molding grades.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Abstract
This atlas contains images showing how sintering conditions (time, temperature, and atmosphere) and compaction pressure affect the microstructure of different types of stainless steel. It also includes images of stainless steel powders, fracture surfaces, and test specimens characterized by the presence of compounds, such as oxides, carbides, and nitrides, and various forms of corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.t52000223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmsspmp.9781627083126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-312-6
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
Abstract
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a process refinement available to address internal porosity in castings. The HIP process may be used, in particular, for applications requiring very high quality and performance. This chapter discusses the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of HIP. It describes the effect of HIP on tensile properties and on the fatigue performance of aluminum alloy castings. In addition, the chapter discusses the processes involved in radiographic inspection of HIP-processed castings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
Abstract
Gas turbine disks made from nickel-base superalloys are often produced using powder metallurgy (P/M) techniques because the alloy compositions normally used are difficult or impractical to forge by conventional methods. This chapter discusses the P/M process and its application to superalloys. It describes the gas, vacuum, and centrifugal atomization processes used to make commercial superalloy powders. It explains how the powders are consolidated into preforms or billets using hot isostatic pressing, extrusion, or a combination of the two. It also provides information on spray forming and consolidation by atmospheric pressure, and includes a section on powder-based disk components, where it discusses the general advantages of P/M as well as the effects of inclusions, carbon contamination, and the formation of oxide and carbide films due to prior particle boundary conditions. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion on mechanically alloyed superalloy compositions, the product forms into which they are made, and some of the applications where they are used.