A large portion of cast and wrought product production is directed to the ground transportation market. Aluminum castings, extrusions, forgings, and rolled products all find wide application for trucks, trains, subways, and buses and are discussed in this chapter.

This chapter examines the microstructure of special bar quality (or engineering) steels and how it is influenced by carbon content, tempering temperature, and prior austenitic grain size. It explains how some of the changes are difficult to detect and require special etching and/or measurement techniques. It provides information on many types of engineering steel, including medium and high-carbon steels used in rail applications. It also examines the effect of nickel-phosphorus coatings on stainless steel and phosphate coatings used to reduce friction during thread rolling and other such procedures.

This chapter is a chronological account of the development of ironmaking in colonial America from 1645 to 1870. The discussion covers the spread of ironmaking in many of the colonies in the northeast, canal building in Pennsylvania, the replacement of charcoal by anthracite coal in ironmaking, the life of ironmaking pioneer John Fritz, and the rapid increase in ironmaking for the railroads.

This chapter discusses the rise of steel minimills in the late 1960s through the leadership of F. Kenneth Iverson and Gerald Heffernan. The discussion covers the development of processes for flat products, flanged beams, and railroad rails. The chapter also covers the growth of the minimill industry along with the consolidation of the industry into large corporations. The chapter ends by providing information on novel processes developed for making iron.

This chapter describes the mechanical properties of fully pearlitic microstructures and their suitability for wire and rail applications. It begins by describing the ever-increasing demands placed on rail steels and the manufacturing methods that have been developed in response. It then explains how wire drawing, patenting, and the Stelmor process affect microstructure, and describes various fracture mechanisms and how they appear on steel wire fracture surfaces. The chapter concludes by discussing the effects of torsional deformation, delamination, galvanizing, and aging on patented and drawn wires.

This chapter is a review of the restoration of a fleet of stainless steel railcars in Canada.

This chapter identifies the primary causes of service failures and discusses the types of defects from which they stem. It presents more than a dozen examples of failures attributed to such causes as design defects, material defects, and manufacturing or processing defects as well as assembly errors, abnormal operating conditions, and inadequate maintenance. It also describes the precise usage of terms such as defect, flaw, imperfection, and discontinuity.