The objective of this work was conducted to investigate the influence of nickel (Ni) content and retained austenite on rolling-sliding contact fatigue (RSCF) life in carburized gear steel. In order to evaluate Ni and retained austenite effects, this study utilized carburized steel specimens of 4120 (0.13 wt pct Ni) and 4820 (3.38 wt pct Ni), which were subjected to RSCF testing. The specimens were gas carburized with a resulting case depth of approximately 1.3 mm, based on a hardness of 500 HV. The retained austenite was measured using x-ray diffraction at depths beneath the surface of 50, 250, 450, 650 μm. The 4120 specimens have a higher surface retained austenite content than the 4820. Specimens were surface ground to an average surface roughness of 0.2 μm to decrease the effect of as-carburized surface roughness on the fatigue life. The specimens underwent RSCF testing, with a surface contact stress of 2.5 GA and a slide to roll ratio of -20 pct, until a pit formed, as detected by an accelerometer. The pits that formed on the surface of the specimens were analysed with secondary electron microscopy, macrophotographs, and light optical microscopy. The pits that formed from the RSCF testing conditions were surface-initiated. The fatigue life of the 4820 specimens was higher than the fatigue life of the 4120 specimens, suggesting that the higher Ni level is beneficial to the fatigue life.