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Solution heat treatment
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Proceedings Papers
HT2023, Heat Treat 2023: Proceedings from the 32nd Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 121-126, October 17–19, 2023,
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Aluminum alloy 6061 (AA6061) is widely used in industry due to its excellent formability, corrosion resistance, weldability, and strong mechanical properties after heat treatment. AA6061 is hardened through precipitation of alloying elements that act as blockers to dislocation paths in the individual aluminum grains, increasing mechanical performance. During artificial aging, these nano-scale precipitates combine and form the main hardening phase, β’’. The general heat treatment procedure for AA6061 follows a solution treatment, quench, and a direct artificial aging. The focus of this work is to develop the parameters for a materials model for AA6061 which can predict the material response to heat treatment by modeling the kinetics of precipitation formation and coarsening. This work uses data from publications found in the public domain to develop the solution kinetics, artificial aging and coarsening kinetics, and resulting mechanical properties. Another publication was used to validate the developed DANTE model by comparing hardness predictions to hardness obtained in an actual component.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 11-17, October 15–17, 2019,
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The production process for additively manufactured (AM) metal parts can involve as many as four post processing steps: stress relief, hot isostatic pressing, solution treatment and quench, and tempering or aging. In this paper, the author describes a post processing route for AM parts that combines stress relief, hot isostatic pressing, and solution treatment and quench into a single thermal cycle immediately followed by tempering or aging. The combination of processes is called high pressure heat treatment (HPHT), the benefits of which include shorter total effective cycle time, less downtime between steps, and lower energy consumption.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 96-105, October 15–17, 2019,
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A study on the microstructural evolution of a Ni-base superalloy (Allvac 718plus) was conducted to better understand how solutionizing temperature affects the final microstructure of solutionized and aged test samples. Four different solutionizing temperatures were used to obtain different fractions of gamma prime (γ’) and delta (δ) phase precipitates. This paper describes the solutionizing treatments and presents and analyzes the results of SE-SEM, EBSD, EDS, and XRD testing.
Proceedings Papers
HT2017, Heat Treat 2017: Proceedings from the 29th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 1-3, October 24–26, 2017,
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Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is widely used today to eliminate internal defects in components to achieve improved material properties like ductility and fatigue. With today’s modern HIP systems there are possibilities to incorporate more process steps into the HIP process. These process steps can be stress relief, solutionizing, quenching, ageing, tempering etc. performed in the same equipment during the same cycle which makes a very effective process route. This presentation will focus on the possibilities to perform solutionizing and quench directly in the HIP system for a typical QT steels and evaluate how HIP quench compares to water and oil quench as well as how the austenite to perlite transformation react under pressure.
Proceedings Papers
HT2017, Heat Treat 2017: Proceedings from the 29th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 12-18, October 24–26, 2017,
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In industrial applications, hot forging of aluminum alloy AA 6082 is carried out at 480 °C following a preheating process in an induction heater. The forged parts are then cooled down to room temperature, heated up again to apply conventional solution treatment followed by quenching and artificial aging processes. Repetitive heating/cooling steps are a significant cause of energy loss. The aim of this study was to provide time and energy efficiency by combining hot forging and solution treatment processes in a single high temperature process. To achieve this a new and improved heat treatment pattern was introduced. AA6082 parts were quenched immediately from a rather high forging temperature and artificially aged without any necessity for a second heating step and solution treatment. Mechanical properties of parts heat treated by this new pattern were than compared to the mechanical properties of parts heat treated conventionally. Heat treatment of AA6082 alloys were carried out for 30 minutes at three different temperatures (480, 510 and 540 °C) for comparison, followed by forging, water quenching and artificial aging (180°C, 8h). Mechanical properties of each sample were investigated using hardness and tensile tests. Elemental analysis and microstructural characterization were carried out using Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Optical Microscope (OM). Required minimum hardness for the samples after heat treatment was considered as 90 HB. This hardness value could not be obtained for the parts forged/solution treated at 480°C and 510°C. Hardness values of parts heat treated at 540°C, water quenched and aged at 180°C were higher than 90 HB.
Proceedings Papers
HT2015, Heat Treat 2015: Proceedings from the 28th Heat Treating Society Conference, 116-122, October 20–22, 2015,
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Ti-6Al-4V alloy is characterized to be sensitive to heat treatment and deformation. This paper focuses on microstructural evolution and variation in mechanical properties with respect to the deformation and change in the heat treatment cycle. Different heat treatment cycles such as mill annealing, solution treatment and beta solution treatment followed by annealing were carried out on deformed and undeformed Ti-6Al-4V samples. Heat treated samples were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Also different mechanical tests (i.e. tensile test, fracture toughness test) were conducted and results were analyzed. Large variation in mechanical properties and microstructures were found out with different heat treatment cycles. Fracture toughness was found to be high for beta solution treatment samples than the mill annealed and solution treated samples and the reason for the same has been analyzed.
Proceedings Papers
HT2015, Heat Treat 2015: Proceedings from the 28th Heat Treating Society Conference, 358-364, October 20–22, 2015,
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This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the effect of three types of post-heat treatments: 1) solution treatment and aging, 2) stress relieving, and 3) annealing on the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated via direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). The microstructure and phase evolution as affected by heat treatment temperature were examined through scanning electron microscopy and via x-ray diffraction. The Vicker’s microhardness, as it was affected by various heat treatments, was compared. The corrosion behavior of the specimens was measured electrochemically in simulated body fluid at 37°C. It was found that the nonequilibrium α’ phase with a small amount of β nuclei was formed in the as-fabricated sample. Heat treatments allow the formation of the β phase and the agglomeration of β precipitates to occur at elevated temperatures. Transformed β phase with various morphologies was observed as a result of the heat treatments. Different degrees of improvement in the corrosion resistance were observed in the solution-treated and aged samples, 650 °C stress relieved, and annealed samples.
Proceedings Papers
HT2011, Heat Treating 2011: Proceedings from the 26th Heat Treating Society Conference, 189-198, October 31–November 2, 2011,
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The dissolution of second phase particles in a 319-type (Al-Si- Cu-Mg) aluminum casting alloy has been quantified by image analysis of metallographic specimens as well as an electron microprobe technique. The initial phase content of the as-cast material, and the change in volume fraction of each phase following solution treatment for various times at 480°C and 505°C, was determined by analysis of particles observed by backscattered electron microscopy. Furthermore, the change in dendritic alloy content during solution treatment was measured using electron microprobe analysis in order to estimate the relative volume fraction of second phase particles dissolved. Finally, a non-isothermal dissolution model was used to predict the dissolution behaviour during solution treatment and comparisons are made between the model predictions and experimental measurements.
Proceedings Papers
HT2011, Heat Treating 2011: Proceedings from the 26th Heat Treating Society Conference, 199-204, October 31–November 2, 2011,
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The high-strength aluminum alloy V92Zr, part of the Al-Zn-Mg system, is a self-quenched alloy. Its primary alloying elements include 4.2 wt% Mg, 3.2 wt% Zn, 0.6 wt% Mn, and 0.15 wt% Zr. The most suitable filler wires for welding this alloy are V92W, AMg6, AMg4Zr, and No.11 (Al-Zn-Mg). This alloy is applicable in aircraft production. Prolonged heating at 50-70°C can lead to significant structural changes in the precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys due to the transition from zone aging to phase aging. Studies indicate that zone aging of Al-Zn-Mg alloys, particularly in weld seams, with repeated heating at 50-70°C, substantially increases strength while reducing elongation, cross-sectional area reduction, toughness, stress corrosion resistance, and increasing susceptibility to cracking. Research has shown that even heating at temperatures below the phase aging threshold can significantly alter the properties. This article examines the effects of prolonged low-temperature heating on the mechanical properties, crack sensitivity in impact bending, and corrosion resistance of semi-finished products and weldments of V92Zr aluminum alloys after solution treatment and aging at room and elevated temperatures.