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1-20 of 23
Quenchants
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Proceedings Papers
IFHTSE2024, IFHTSE 2024: Proceedings of the 29th International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering World Congress, 201-207, September 30–October 3, 2024,
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The analysis of cooling curves obtained by immersing a probe in the quench medium has been widely used since its availability. For instance, methods described in standards such as ISO 9950 and ASTM D 6482 refer to the use of an Inconel 600 specimen which is quenched to obtain the cooling curve of a given fluid; however, spray quenching is being mostly used in induction hardening processes. In this work, the quenching characteristics of a PAG polymer at 6 and 12 % concentration were determined and compared with water as a baseline. The fluid was heated at 30 °C, while the solution flow rate was set at 90 L/min; two different quenching rings were designed and used in a laboratory-scale setting. Also, the fluid flow in the quench rings was simulated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), to obtain flow patterns inside the quenching devices. From the results obtained, the cooling rate curves showed no vapor phase, and the maximum cooling rate was found to be higher in one of the quench ring designs. The design of the quench ring device has a significant influence on the quenching characteristics of the quenchant, mainly at medium and low temperatures of the cooling rate curve.
Proceedings Papers
IFHTSE2024, IFHTSE 2024: Proceedings of the 29th International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering World Congress, 239-243, September 30–October 3, 2024,
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Understanding the Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) is essential for evaluating cooling media used in the immersion quenching of steels. This HTC characterizes the heat exchange between the immersed workpiece and the quenchant. Calculating the HTC involves solving an inverse heat transfer problem, which typically requires stochastic optimization algorithms. These algorithms use iterative processes and can be computationally demanding, often needing hundreds or thousands of iterations to find a solution. To reduce this computational burden, this paper introduces an initialization technique that employs a non-iterative approach to solve the inverse heat transfer problem. The proposed method uses an artificial neural network (ANN), specifically a multi-layer feedforward neural network trained with the backpropagation algorithm. A synthetic database with 150,000 records of heat transfer coefficients, determined as a function of temperature, is created for training the network. Unconventionally, the Fourier transform of the cooling curve is used as input for the inference system. Additionally, the performance of the neural network is compared with other conventional learning algorithms. Results show that when combined with stochastic algorithms, the ANN achieves comparable solutions in a shorter amount of time.
Proceedings Papers
HT2023, Heat Treat 2023: Proceedings from the 32nd Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 82-87, October 17–19, 2023,
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Induction hardening is used to harden small cylinders of SAE 1074 steel. Parts were quenched with a high concentration of a polyalkylene glycol (PAG) type quenchant. Soft spots were found on a small percentage of the parts. These soft spots were consistently at one location about 2/3 from the bottom of the part. These soft spots were circular, and consistent in size. The product was examined and determined to be adequate and to specification. Using a lower concentration of quenchant, the quench speed was increased. While this reduced the number of soft spots, it did not eliminate the soft spots. Faster quenches were tried with similar results. Using Transvalor SIMHEAT, we were able to duplicate the results, and eliminate the source of soft spots.
Proceedings Papers
HT2023, Heat Treat 2023: Proceedings from the 32nd Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 88-97, October 17–19, 2023,
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The phase transformation model is coupled with the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) to estimate the steel/quenchant interfacial heat flux. Cylindrical steel probes having section thicknesses 25 and 50mm, respectively, and lengths 30mm were made from medium and high carbon steels (AISI 1045 and 52100). The probes were quenched in mineral, neem, and sunflower oils. The cooling curves at the centre and near the surface of steel probes were recorded. The near-surface cooling curve was used as a reference temperature data in the IHCP algorithm for the estimation of surface heat flux, whereas the cooling curve at the centre was used as the boundary condition of the axisymmetric model of the probe. The effect of phase transformation on the metal/quenchant interfacial heat flux was indicated by a kink and rise of heat flux. The increase in the section thickness of the probe from 25 to 50mm decreased the magnitude of the heat flux. Increasing section thickness increases the phase transformation, increasing the resistance to heat flow at the metal/quenchant interface.
Proceedings Papers
HT2023, Heat Treat 2023: Proceedings from the 32nd Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 98-105, October 17–19, 2023,
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Archaeological digs have found many types of knives, with varying quality of steel and microstructure. Typically, these steels are carbon steels with carbon contents on the order of 0.60%. Historically, there have been many myths concerning the quenchants used by ancient blacksmiths in the heat treatment of swords and knives. Various liquids have been cited in the archaeometallurgical literature as quenchants. Each of these quenchants is supposed to extend to the knife special and even mythical properties. However, none have been examined for cooling curve behavior. In this paper, various quenchants are examined for typical heat transfer, and microstructure is predicted for simple steels commonly used in ancient knife making.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2021, Heat Treat 2021: Proceedings from the 31st Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 271-279, September 14–16, 2021,
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The knowledge of the thermal boundary conditions helps to understand the heat transfer phenomena that takes place during heat treatment processes. Heat Transfer Coefficients (HTC) describe the heat exchange between the surface of an object and the surrounding medium. The Fireworks Algorithm (FWA) method was used on near-surface temperature-time cooling curve data obtained with the so-called Tensi multithermocouple 12.5 mm diameter x 45 mm Inconel 600 probe. The fitness function to be minimized by a Fireworks Algorithm (FWA) approach is defined by the deviation of the measured and calculated cooling curves. The FWA algorithm was parallelized and implemented on a Graphics Processing Unit architecture. This paper describes the FWA methodology used to compare and differentiate the potential quenching properties of a series of vegetable oils, including cottonseed, peanut, canola, coconut, palm, sunflower, corn, and soybean oil, versus a typical accelerated petroleum oil quenchant.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2021, Heat Treat 2021: Proceedings from the 31st Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 302-308, September 14–16, 2021,
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Many alternative ecofriendly quenchants have been developed to replace mineral oil such as vegetable oils, polymer quenchants, and nanofluids. Although vegetable oils show superior cooling performance to mineral oil, their use is limited due to high production costs and low thermal stability. In this study, used coconut oil was chemically treated and its cooling and heat transfer characteristics were compared with that of refined coconut oil and mineral oil. The thermophysical properties of chemically treated waste coconut oil were found to be higher than that of the other oils tested, and its wettability proved to be better as well. Quenching experiments using an Inconel 600 probe (as per ISO 9950 and ASTM D 6200 standards) showed that the vapor blanket stage was shorter for the chemically treated oil than either of the others. The treated waste oil was also found to have the highest average peak heat flux based on the solution to the inverse heat conduction problem.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2021, Heat Treat 2021: Proceedings from the 31st Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 315-320, September 14–16, 2021,
Abstract
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Excessive distortion was observed in many small components made from 1080 steel that was neutral hardened following stamping. A study was then undertaken to determine how to reduce the distortion of the heat-treated parts while maintaining proper hardness and microstructure. A numerical simulation based on Simheat software was conducted to determine the effect of elevated temperature on the quenching oil used and its impact on distortion and microstructure. A second oil designed to operate at higher temperatures was also examined. Using Simheat software, the two oils were compared based on predicted distortion, hardness, and microstructure and the results were subsequently validated using empirical methods. It was concluded that a significant improvement in distortion could be achieved by using a different oil and higher quench temperatures.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 253-259, October 15–17, 2019,
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This work investigates the cooling performance of different salt solutions and quench bath parameters. The results show that increasing quenchant temperature can stabilize the vapor film, while the presence of various additives and the use of agitation can hasten its collapse. Ionic solutions containing NaCl, Na2SO4, NaOH, and NaNO2 were found to inhibit the vapor blanket at 35°C and improve cooling power. Adding salt-forming solutions promoted a more homogeneous cooling with high values of heat flux over most of the cooling cycle.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 260-271, October 15–17, 2019,
Abstract
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In various studies, heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) have been used to characterize the relative ability of a quenching medium to harden steel. In this current work, HTCs are determined for a series of vegetable oils using a stochastic (particle swarm) optimization technique and cooling curves produced via Tensi probe measurements. The vegetable oils investigated include canola, coconut, corn, cottonseed, palm, peanut, soybean, and sunflower oil, and their quenching performance is compared with that of a typical petroleum oil quenchant.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 272-278, October 15–17, 2019,
Abstract
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In this investigation, the authors use a Tensi probe to obtain cooling curves for canola and palm oils and determine their heat transfer coefficient profiles. For comparison, the cooling curve of an accelerated petroleum oil quenchant is also presented. Canola oil exhibited minimal evidence of film boiling, while palm oil showed a pronounced film boiling behavior. This behavior suggests the presence of unrefined volatile by-products or subsequent degradation. The petroleum quenchant exhibited wetting front movement along the Tensi probe not observed with the vegetable oils.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 290-299, October 15–17, 2019,
Abstract
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A variety of test systems have been developed to determine the cooling characteristics of quenchants. Although current test standards specify cylindrical probes for measuring quenchant temperatures and cooling rates, this review concerns the development, implementation, and potential of test systems that use ball probes instead. It assesses the strengths and limitations of different types of ball probes and describes prototype test systems that leverage ball probe capabilities while compensating for inherent weaknesses.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 300-308, October 15–17, 2019,
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Quench oil is susceptible to contamination from carbon deposits, dirt, water, and the byproducts of oxidation. This paper discusses the causes of contamination in quench oil and explains how they lead to reduced oil life, sludge accumulation, loss of production time, unplanned maintenance, variations in the quench curve, surface deposits, and rework costs associated with additional part cleaning. It describes the differences between parts quenched in clean and dirty oil and presents best practices for keeping quench oil clean by removing particulate and water over the course of its life.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 309-315, October 15–17, 2019,
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In order to use quench oils over extended periods of time, it is necessary to understand how their properties and performance respond to heat and oxidation. This study investigates the effect of thermal and oxidative deterioration on dark and transparent quench oils. It describes the performance and property changes observed using accelerated testing methods and explains how quench oil behaviors in a laboratory setting compare with actual quench furnace usage.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 322-328, October 15–17, 2019,
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This paper presents the results of a study on the cooling performance of hot oil and molten salt quench media. It describes the tests performed, analyzes the results, and interprets the findings. It explains how the heat extraction mechanism in hot oil differs from that of NaNO2 eutectic mixtures and how it translates to differences in cooling rate, spatial uniformity, and hardness in quenched steel parts.
Proceedings Papers
HT2017, Heat Treat 2017: Proceedings from the 29th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 126-128, October 24–26, 2017,
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Quenching is a process of cooling a metal at a rapid rate. This is most often done to produce a martensite transformation. In ferrous alloys, this will often product a harder metal, while non-ferrous alloys will usually become softer than normal. Quenching is a very important part of the induction process in order to get the desired hardness of a metal, and improper quenching may lead to a variety of problems. Various type of aqueous quenchants for induction hardening will be reviewed along with the three stages of the quenching process. Basic information on care and maintenance of those quenchants will also be reviewed.
Proceedings Papers
Rosa L. Simencio Otero, Jônatas M. Viscaino, Lauralice C.F. Canale, George E. Totten, Lemmy Meekisho
HT2017, Heat Treat 2017: Proceedings from the 29th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 374-379, October 24–26, 2017,
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The most common probe used for cooling curve analysis of quenchants is a 12.5 mm diameter x 60 mm Inconel 600 cylindrical probe with a Type K thermocouple inserted into the geometric center. The time-temperature cooling curve is obtained at this position and is the basis for national and international standards including ASTM D6200, D6482, D6549, ISO 9950 and others. However, greater insight into the quenching process would be possible if a better profile were available for the uniformity and wetting kinematics of the quenching process. An alternative probe design, proposed by Prof. H.M. Tensi and his colleagues, utilizes a cylindrical 15 mm diameter x 45 mm flat-bottom shape with four thermocouples. One thermocouple is inserted to the geometric center of the probe at 22.5 mm from the bottom. The remaining three thermocouples are located 2 mm below the surface of the probe at 2 mm, at 15 mm, and at 30 mm from the bottom. This alternative probe design was used to characterize the usual centerline cooling curve properties as well as rewetting properties of two vegetable oils, palm oil and canola oil, a commercial fast petroleum oil quenchant, and a conventional petroleum oil quenchant. The probe construction, use, and quenching characterization results are reviewed in this paper.
Proceedings Papers
HT2017, Heat Treat 2017: Proceedings from the 29th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 380-386, October 24–26, 2017,
Abstract
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Performances of quenchants have been enhanced and maintained based on their cooling characteristics determined by specific test systems. A rotary-arm type test system with a small ball probe has been developed for this purpose by making prototypes. Its unique concept derived mainly from a circular motion of a small ball probe in quenchants was proposed by Tawara in 1941. The prototypes have been realized by current heating, measuring and mechatronics techniques. Finally the probe material has been changed from nickel alloy to platinum for resolving the discoloration and thermal aging problems on the probe surface. The performance of the prototypes has been verified by systematic tests using specific quenchants under various cooling conditions.
Proceedings Papers
HT2017, Heat Treat 2017: Proceedings from the 29th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 389-393, October 24–26, 2017,
Abstract
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In induction hardening, contamination is a common occurrence. Many parts are processed per hour, with each part carrying a small amount of contaminant. The contaminant could be cleaners, coolants, or machine swarf. Contamination is compounded by the fact that many induction systems have a very small quench tank – often 100-200 gallons. The common question is, at what point does contamination affect the cooling curve or heat extraction behavior of the quenchant? The purpose of this paper is to examine common contaminants and their effects on cooling curve behavior.
Proceedings Papers
HT2015, Heat Treat 2015: Proceedings from the 28th Heat Treating Society Conference, 456-462, October 20–22, 2015,
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Because quench oil deterioration varies depending on the operating conditions, maintaining constant performance is difficult. Various defective phenomena occur in response to changes in the quench oil degradation. In this paper, we will examine how the oil condition, cooling performance, brightness and carbide growth are effected by various defective phenomena such as oil oxidation, thermal decomposition etc. In doing so we would like to introduce important points in managing and setting operating conditions to optimize the performance of quench oils.
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