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Fasteners
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Proceedings Papers
HT2023, Heat Treat 2023: Proceedings from the 32nd Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 60-66, October 17–19, 2023,
Abstract
View Papertitled, Effects of Vanadium Carbide Precipitation and Dislocation Density on Hydrogen Absorption and Retention in 1300 MPa Steel Fasteners
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for content titled, Effects of Vanadium Carbide Precipitation and Dislocation Density on Hydrogen Absorption and Retention in 1300 MPa Steel Fasteners
Quenched and tempered (Q&T) medium-C steels with various V and Mo additions were studied to understand the relationship between alloy carbide precipitation and hydrogen absorption and trapping behaviours. Heat treatments were selected in the temperature range favourable for V carbide formation, 500-600 °C, leading to higher hardness compared to similar V- and Mo-free alloys due to precipitation hardening. Heat-treated coupons were electrochemically charged to introduce hydrogen, and the bulk hydrogen concentration was measured using melt extraction analysis. Hardness and dislocation density were measured for each tempered condition to relate these properties to the hydrogen absorption and trapping behaviours of each material. Results indicate that dislocation density as well as V and Mo carbide precipitation increase the extent of hydrogen absorbed during charging and the amount of hydrogen remaining trapped after holding at ambient temperature for up to 168 h (1 week).
Proceedings Papers
HT 2021, Heat Treat 2021: Proceedings from the 31st Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 162-168, September 14–16, 2021,
Abstract
View Papertitled, Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of High Strength 9260 Bar Steel Heat Treated by Quenching and Partitioning
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for content titled, Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of High Strength 9260 Bar Steel Heat Treated by Quenching and Partitioning
The influence of microstructure on hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels for fastener applications is explored in this study. Space limiting applications in areas such as the automotive or agricultural industries provide a need for higher strength fasteners. Albeit, hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility typically increases with strength. Using a 9260 steel alloy, the influence of retained austenite volume fraction in a martensitic matrix was evaluated with microstructures generated via quenching and partitioning. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the influence of retained austenite in the matrix with different quenching parameters. The quench temperatures varied from 160 °C up to 220 °C, and a constant partitioning temperature of 290 °C was employed for all quench and partitioned conditions. The target hardness for all testing conditions was 52-54 HRC. Slow strain rate tensile testing was conducted with cathodic hydrogen pre-charging that introduced a hydrogen concentration of 1.0-1.5 ppm to evaluate hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of these various microstructures. The retained austenite volume fraction and carbon content varied with the initial quench temperature. Additionally, the lowest initial quench temperature employed, which had the highest austenite carbon content, had the greatest hydrogen embrittlement resistance for a hydrogen concentration level of 1.0-1.5 ppm.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2021, Heat Treat 2021: Extended Abstracts from the 31st Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 33-37, September 14–16, 2021,
Abstract
View Papertitled, Mesh Belt Heat Treatment System Advancements for Automotive Fastener Production
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for content titled, Mesh Belt Heat Treatment System Advancements for Automotive Fastener Production
This paper discuss recent developments in mesh belt heat treating systems used in the production of automotive fasteners. Methods for heat treating threaded fasteners have evolved significantly over the last 20 years as low-capacity shaker hearth, rotary hearth, and plate-belt systems are replaced by soft handling mesh belt heat treatment systems. Design innovations for improving the accuracy of tempering furnace tolerance bands and integrating inline zinc phosphate removal systems are discussed along with their respective benefits.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 185-192, October 15–17, 2019,
Abstract
View Papertitled, Non-Destructive Hardness/Microstructure Testing of Heat-Treated Parts by Mass Production, with Multiple Frequency Magnetic Induction Method
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for content titled, Non-Destructive Hardness/Microstructure Testing of Heat-Treated Parts by Mass Production, with Multiple Frequency Magnetic Induction Method
This paper discusses the basic principles of multi-frequency eddy current testing and explains how it can be used on high-volume production lines to detect faulty heat-treated parts based on case depth, hardness patterns, tensile strength, carbon content, soft spots, and surface decarburization. It also presents examples showing how the method is used in high-speed inspection of cam shafts, screws, balls of various sizes and materials, distance pins, and complex bolts.
Proceedings Papers
HT2015, Heat Treat 2015: Proceedings from the 28th Heat Treating Society Conference, 428-430, October 20–22, 2015,
Abstract
View Papertitled, Austempering: Process, Applications, and Equipment
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for content titled, Austempering: Process, Applications, and Equipment
Austempering is an alternative hardening process that has been operating under the radar of manufacturers and designers for decades, primarily because its application is directed to fasteners having a cross-section of 12.7 mm or less. The primary goal of austempering is to create an extremely tough microstructure throughout the part’s mass or cross-section, a typical requirement for fasteners. This paper provides an overview of austempering processes and applications.
Proceedings Papers
HT2013, Heat Treat 2013: Proceedings from the 27th ASM Heat Treating Society Conference, 36-39, September 16–18, 2013,
Abstract
View Papertitled, Delta Ferrite in Heat Treated Bolts: Characterization and Consequences
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for content titled, Delta Ferrite in Heat Treated Bolts: Characterization and Consequences
This study examines the formation and consequences of delta ferrite (Fe₃P) in heat-treated bolts made from SAE10B30 microalloyed steel. The research demonstrates that when phosphated steel undergoes quenching and tempering in neutral or reducing atmospheres without proper cleaning, residual phosphate coating leads to the formation of delta ferrite—a brittle tetragonal phase with high hardness (approximately 450 HV) but poor toughness. Through comparative analysis of phosphate-treated and phosphate-free specimens heat-treated to 43-44 HRC, the authors identify that delta ferrite promotes micro-crack nucleation at grain boundaries, significantly reducing impact resistance, toughness, and fatigue life. The study confirms that proper alkaline cleaning to remove phosphate coatings before heat treatment is essential for preventing delta ferrite formation and maintaining the structural integrity of high-strength bolts (strength class 12.9), particularly those operating under fatigue conditions.
Proceedings Papers
HT2013, Heat Treat 2013: Proceedings from the 27th ASM Heat Treating Society Conference, 210-212, September 16–18, 2013,
Abstract
View Papertitled, Novel Method of Removal and Tightening of Bolts
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for content titled, Novel Method of Removal and Tightening of Bolts
Traditional methods for large stud removal or tightening, such as hydraulic bolt tensioners and induction heaters, are cumbersome, require significant space and specialized power, and often cause damage to fasteners. This paper introduces a patented electric resistance bolting system for stud disassembly and tightening. The system is lightweight, easily transportable by hand, and utilizes readily available power sources, eliminating the need for extensive setup. Capable of simultaneously heating up to six studs, the new technology significantly reduces the time and cost associated with these operations compared to conventional techniques.