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Transformation-induced plasticity steel
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Proceedings Papers
IFHTSE2024, IFHTSE 2024: Proceedings of the 29th International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering World Congress, 50-56, September 30–October 3, 2024,
Abstract
View Papertitled, Transformation Induced Plasticity during Precipitation Strengthening of Maraging Steels
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for content titled, Transformation Induced Plasticity during Precipitation Strengthening of Maraging Steels
Effective heat treatment is essential for optimizing the properties of steels in various applications. Understanding the evolution of steel microstructure during intrinsic or post-heat treatment, along with managing distortions and residual stresses, is crucial for ensuring component usability. In laser-based additive manufacturing, high temperature gradients and cooling rates induce residual stresses, impacting the heat-affected zones. However, there remains a gap in understanding how stress influences precipitation during heat treatment, particularly regarding transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), where a stress triggers deformation during phase transformation. This study aims to investigate TRIP effects during the aging of maraging steels, commonly employed in laser-based powder bed fusion. During the experiments, the steels were continuously aged under varying compression stresses. By isolating TRIP strain from total strain, the study establishes a relationship between maximum TRIP strain after phase transformation and applied stress, defining specific TRIP constants for each steel. The presence of TRIP strain has been confirmed during short time continuous aging treatments, indicating its significance even in the initial stages of the heat treatment process. While the applied stress level does not affect hardness, significant differences in maximum hardness values after aging were observed among the investigated materials. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of different maraging steels revealed a positive correlation between the TRIP constant and the amount of precipitation, and consequently, hardness. These findings confirm the role of TRIP in precipitate formation in maraging steels and provide a foundation for further understanding and predicting post-heat treatment material states.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2021, Heat Treat 2021: Proceedings from the 31st Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 212-219, September 14–16, 2021,
Abstract
View Papertitled, Retained Austenite Benefits or Avoidance Requires Dependable Determination
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for content titled, Retained Austenite Benefits or Avoidance Requires Dependable Determination
Retained austenite may be helpful or detrimental to the life of heat-treated components, but it can be difficult to accurately measure in manufactured steels. Commonly used visual sample investigations are subjective and often incorrect, magnetic measurements require part-specific calibration, and electron backscattering involves expensive equipment, intensive sample preparation, and long measurement times. Recent developments in X-ray diffractometry, however, provide measurements in minutes and can compensate for the influence of carbides in high-carbon steels as well as texture orientations in rolled sheet metals. This paper discusses the use of X-ray diffraction for measuring retained austenite and compares and contrasts it with other methods. It also provides a brief review of the formation of austenite and its effect on carburized gears, TRIP steels, and bearings.