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Proceedings Papers
HT 2021, Heat Treat 2021: Proceedings from the 31st Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 1-6, September 14–16, 2021,
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As more industries look toward additively manufactured (AM) components to combat lead times, re-design, cost of complexity, etc., those industries are faced with re-evaluating the performance of AM-based materials as compared to their well-documented wrought or machined counterparts. A particular alloy of interest to many industries including aerospace and energy/power generation is Inconel 718 due to its resistance to oxidation and high temperature degradation [1]. Additively manufactured Inconel 718 parts typically receive a series of post-build heat treatments prior to deployment. If not properly controlled, these post-build treatments may introduce secondary precipitates and other inhomogeneities that will affect the parts’ mechanical properties and susceptibility to corrosion. This is specifically true of susceptibility to localized corrosion mechanisms that may lead to crack initiation, accelerated crack growth and ultimately premature failure. By utilizing electrochemical parameter testing to analyze for localized breakdown potentials, this work investigates the variation in tolerance to localized corrosion that results from common post-build heat treatment steps and the secondary phase precipitation that can ensue in Inconel 718 AM parts.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 300-308, October 15–17, 2019,
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Quench oil is susceptible to contamination from carbon deposits, dirt, water, and the byproducts of oxidation. This paper discusses the causes of contamination in quench oil and explains how they lead to reduced oil life, sludge accumulation, loss of production time, unplanned maintenance, variations in the quench curve, surface deposits, and rework costs associated with additional part cleaning. It describes the differences between parts quenched in clean and dirty oil and presents best practices for keeping quench oil clean by removing particulate and water over the course of its life.
Proceedings Papers
HT 2019, Heat Treat 2019: Proceedings from the 30th Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition, 309-315, October 15–17, 2019,
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In order to use quench oils over extended periods of time, it is necessary to understand how their properties and performance respond to heat and oxidation. This study investigates the effect of thermal and oxidative deterioration on dark and transparent quench oils. It describes the performance and property changes observed using accelerated testing methods and explains how quench oil behaviors in a laboratory setting compare with actual quench furnace usage.
Proceedings Papers
HT2015, Heat Treat 2015: Proceedings from the 28th Heat Treating Society Conference, 358-364, October 20–22, 2015,
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This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the effect of three types of post-heat treatments: 1) solution treatment and aging, 2) stress relieving, and 3) annealing on the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated via direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). The microstructure and phase evolution as affected by heat treatment temperature were examined through scanning electron microscopy and via x-ray diffraction. The Vicker’s microhardness, as it was affected by various heat treatments, was compared. The corrosion behavior of the specimens was measured electrochemically in simulated body fluid at 37°C. It was found that the nonequilibrium α’ phase with a small amount of β nuclei was formed in the as-fabricated sample. Heat treatments allow the formation of the β phase and the agglomeration of β precipitates to occur at elevated temperatures. Transformed β phase with various morphologies was observed as a result of the heat treatments. Different degrees of improvement in the corrosion resistance were observed in the solution-treated and aged samples, 650 °C stress relieved, and annealed samples.
Proceedings Papers
HT2015, Heat Treat 2015: Proceedings from the 28th Heat Treating Society Conference, 456-462, October 20–22, 2015,
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Because quench oil deterioration varies depending on the operating conditions, maintaining constant performance is difficult. Various defective phenomena occur in response to changes in the quench oil degradation. In this paper, we will examine how the oil condition, cooling performance, brightness and carbide growth are effected by various defective phenomena such as oil oxidation, thermal decomposition etc. In doing so we would like to introduce important points in managing and setting operating conditions to optimize the performance of quench oils.
Proceedings Papers
HT2015, Heat Treat 2015: Proceedings from the 28th Heat Treating Society Conference, 580-587, October 20–22, 2015,
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Although petroleum oils continue to be the dominant type of base stock for the formulation of vaporizable quenchants, there is increasing pressure to identify an alternative. Petroleum oils are not a renewable base stock, and they possess generally poor toxicity and biodegradability properties. Currently, the most often cited alternative base stocks are those based on seed oils since they are renewable and are readily biodegradable, and usually non-toxic. However, they suffer a critically important deficiency in that they are also typically much less stable to thermal-oxidative degradation than petroleum oils. Various studies have addressed the effect of vegetable oil structure on oxidation and on the use of oxidation inhibitors to provide the necessary stabilization. However, most of these reports do not address the relative effects of specific antioxidant structures on inhibiting oxidation and on quenching performance. This paper describes the use of certain antioxidant structures on inhibition of thermal-oxidation and on the effect of the presence of antioxidants on quenching performance.
Proceedings Papers
HT2015, Heat Treat 2015: Proceedings from the 28th Heat Treating Society Conference, 644-648, October 20–22, 2015,
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In the turbine airfoil refurbishment business, brazing cracks in investment cast parts made of expensive alloys is routinely required as hot section jet engine components are damaged due to oxidation, sulfidation, hot corrosion, fatigue, or foreign object damage. However proper brazing requires that all oxidation first be thoroughly removed from airfoil component surfaces, cooling passages and cracks, which can be very narrow and deep.
Proceedings Papers
HT2011, Heat Treating 2011: Proceedings from the 26th Heat Treating Society Conference, 20-43, October 31–November 2, 2011,
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Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding was used to join stainless steel 304 with pure copper and aluminum foils as interlayers. The bonding process was conducted in a vacuum furnace at various temperatures and diffusion times. The joints were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and microhardness measurements. Results indicated that the hardness of the bonds formed with the copper interlayer in a vacuum was higher than those formed with the aluminum interlayer. The poor mechanical properties of the bonds were attributed to the formation of intermetallic compounds within the bond region. Prolonged holding of the parent alloy at the bonding temperature likely led to complete isothermal solidification. The diffusion of the main elements from the interlayers into the base metal at bonding temperatures was the primary factor influencing the microstructural evolution of the joint interface. Selecting an appropriate bonding temperature to achieve the maximum concentration of melting point depressants depended on the duration of isothermal solidification. To assess the corrosion resistance of the joints, Tafel tests were conducted in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The presence of eutectoid γFe + eutectic Cu + Cr and Fe-Al intermetallics was detected at the interface of the joints bonded with copper and aluminum interlayers, respectively. The highest microhardness was observed in the diffusion zone, with hardness values gradually decreasing as the distance from the joint increased. The joints involving stainless steel and copper exhibited crevice corrosion due to the galvanic couple between the stainless steel and copper. Additionally, pitting occurred due to intergranular stress corrosion cracking on the copper surface.
Proceedings Papers
Ester Carvalho de Souza, Lauralice C.F. Canale, G. Sánchez Sarmiento, Eliana Agaliotis, Juan C. Carrara ...
HT2011, Heat Treating 2011: Proceedings from the 26th Heat Treating Society Conference, 235-243, October 31–November 2, 2011,
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Vegetable oils, especially soybean oil, exhibit substantially poorer thermal-oxidative stability than commercially available petroleum oil quenchant formulations. Therefore, to achieve any commercially interesting performance vegetable oils must be stabilized by the addition of antioxidant inhibitors. This work describes the ability of two commercially available antioxidants, Irganox L 57 and Irganox L 109 to stabilize soybean oil against thermal-oxidative degradation. In addition, the effect of antioxidant stabilization on quenching performance was evaluated by determining the profile of heat transfer coefficient variation throughout the quenching process at different times after being subjected to an accelerated thermal-oxidation ageing test. The results of this work are discussed here.