Abstract
Quenching and tempering (Q&T) allows a wide range of strength and toughness combinations to be produced in martensitic steels. Tempering is generally done to increase toughness, although embrittling mechanisms result in temperature ranges where strength and toughness may decrease simultaneously. Tempered martensite embrittlement (TME) represents one such mechanism, associated with the decomposition of retained austenite and precipitation of cementite during tempering, usually between 250 and 450 °C. The use of induction heating allows for time-temperature combinations, previously unobtainable by conventional methods, that have been shown to improve properties. The present work shows a beneficial effect of rapid tempering in alloy 1045, with an increase in energy absorption of about 50% when measured at room temperature via a three-point bending fracture test in the TME regime. Phase fraction measurements by Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that increased energy absorption was obtained despite essentially complete decomposition of retained austenite during tempering. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation of the carbide distribution showed refinement of the average carbide size of approximately 15% in the rapid tempered conditions. SEM characterization of the fracture surfaces of the rapid tempered three-point bend samples showed that, despite an increase in energy absorption in the TME regime, increased microscopic ductile fracture appearance was observed only at the highest test temperature.
