Fig. 17 The development of small wrinkles in the paint film in a pattern resembling a crow's foot More

Fig. 42 The development of wrinkles in the paint film during drying More

Fig. 16 Wrinkles obtained using nonoptimized pin forces More

Fig. 17 Reduction in wrinkles after optimizing pin forces More

Fig. 8 Detail of binder effect. As the material wrinkles, it bumps against the binder in this view of the section cut from Fig. 7 . The binder limits the height of the wrinkle and withstands the force of the material pushing against it. The force vector diagram within the material illustrates More

Fig. 13 Detail of binder effect. As the material wrinkles, it bumps against the binder in this view of the section cut from Fig. 12 The binder limits the height of the wrinkle and withstands the force of the material pushing against it. The force vector diagram within the material More

Fig. 4 Wrinkles form when metal flow into an area is greater than metal flow out More

Fig. 37 Eruption of the surface of the paint film. Wrinkling and blistering, which lead to a weak surface and ultimate coating breakdown More

Fig. 4 Effect of manufactured wrinkle on compressive strength More

Fig. 7 Cracking defects on the convex surface and wrinkling on the concave surface during bending. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 11 Notching to avoid (a) wrinkling or (b) cracking during flange forming on contoured parts. Source: Ref 1 More

Fig. 12 Formation of flutes on a convex flanged part to control wrinkling. Reprinted with permission. Source: Ref 3 More

Fig. 19 Wrinkle-detection sensor. Source: Ref 2 More

Fig. 4 Defects in deep-drawn cylindrical cups. (a) Flange wrinkling. (b) Wall wrinkling. (c) Tearing. (d) Earing. (e) Surface scratches More

Fig. 27 Schematic of the conical cup wrinkling test More

Fig. 28 Wrinkling and fracture limits in conical cup drawing. Source: Ref 67 More

Fig. 29 Combined forming and wrinkling limit diagram. Source: Ref 68 More

Fig. 35 Mesh used in the analysis of wrinkling and the definition of characteristic lengths More

Fig. 38 Finite element predicted normalized critical wrinkling stress for various levels of blankholding force. Source: Ref 103 More

Fig. 40 FE predicted effect of planar anisotropy on wrinkling behavior. (a) Normal anisotropy (Hill's 1948 yield function, stroke=25 mm, or 1.0 in.). (b) Planar anisotropy (Yld91 yield function, stroke=20 mm, or 0.8 in.). Source: Ref 103 More