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This article provides the general mechanical testing guidelines for the characterization of lamina and laminate properties. Guidelines are provided for tensile property, compressive property, shear property, flexure property, fracture toughness, and fatigue property test methods. The article also tabulates selected standards for lamina and laminate mechanical testing.

Iron has been electroplated from a variety of electrolytes, whose bath parameters result in coatings that have widely divergent characteristics according to the specific characteristics desired in the finished product. This article provides an overview of the process description and processing equipment and discusses the properties, advantages, limitations, and principal applications of iron plating. It also describes the environmental, health, and safety considerations of iron plating.

This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the articles under the Section “Introduction and Basic Theory of Wear” in ASM Handbook, Volume 18, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology .

Integrated computational materials engineering refers to the use of computer simulations that integrate mathematical models of complex metallurgical processes with computer models used in component and process design. This article outlines an example of a computer-aided engineering tool, such as virtual aluminum castings (VAC), developed and implemented for quickly developing durable cast aluminum power train components. It describes the procedures for the model development of the VAC system. These procedures include linking the manufacturing process to microstructure, linking microstructures to mechanical properties, linking material properties to performance prediction, and model validation and integration into the engineering process. The article discusses the benefits of the VAC system in process selection, process optimization, and improving the component design criteria.

This article discusses the need, purposes, and objectives of codes and standards. It describes several types of codes, such as safety and trade codes, and the different types of standards, namely, industry consensus standards, product definition standards, and commercial standards. The article provides information on organizations that prepare codes and standards. It tabulates sponsoring organizations for the standards published by the American National Standards Institute and concludes with a discussion on a designer's responsibilities.

This article focuses on the production of particulate reinforcements that are used in discontinuously reinforced metal-matrix composite (DRMMC) materials systems, their physical and materials properties, and the particle shape and overall morphology. The most common DRMMC materials systems used for aerospace structural applications are silicon carbide and boron carbide particulate reinforcement in an aluminum alloy matrix. The article concludes with information on reinforcement chemistry for designing DRMMC materials systems.

Tooling and assembly methodologies for advanced composites have steadily improved as a result of advancements in materials, through the use of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology, and through application of sophisticated design for manufacturing and assembly concepts. This article reviews techniques and technologies that are used to control the quality of tooling and assembly methods for composite components.

The purpose of accreditation is to evaluate and assure high-quality results from suppliers of products or services without incurring the costs associated with auditing each supplier. This article describes laboratory accreditation based on the general requirements of International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Guide 25, "General Requirements for the Competence of Calibration and Testing Laboratories." The Guide 25 is a balanced standard that addresses quality system requirements of ISO 9000 and the technical requirements needed to perform testing or calibration. The article describes an accreditation process that would enhance the international acceptance of test data for mechanical testing laboratories.

This article describes the basic features of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) and discusses their existing and some potential uses within the field of ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (UNDE). It provides sufficient basic and practical information to make an informed choice when considering the transducer to be used for any particular UNDE application. The article describes how different types of EMATs operate and presents their fundamental and some practical limitations. It summarizes the representative literature for electromagnetic acoustic transducer UNDE applications. Some successful uses of EMATs are mentioned to illustrate the depth, range, and potential of commercial EMAT applications. The article concludes with information on the commercial sources for EMAT systems and components.

Archaeometallurgists use metallography to reveal and interpret the microstructures of objects, in conjunction with the results of their chemical analyses and microanalyses. This article describes a number of special problems that occur while performing metallographic analyses on archaeological materials. It also presents case studies, with examples that illustrate situations where metallography has contributed to archaeometallurgical studies.

This article provides an insight into the cost estimation of painting projects for both contractors and others. The cost estimating methods include benchmarking, unit price estimating, developed pricing, market pricing, and critical path scheduling. The first step in developing an accurate estimate for an industrial painting contract is determining the scope of work. The article describes the method of calculating quantities of materials and labor, surface area takeoff, and equipment costs. It concludes by listing the forgotten costs and presenting information on coating condition assessment and determining selling cost.

This article provides a detailed discussion on the functions, applications, types, and selection criteria of exterior and interior rail coatings. It includes a discussion on the corrosivity, inspection/maintenance, and qualification of applicators/inspectors/facilities.

This article includes a collection of color images that aid in the identification and classification of forms of corrosion in industries and environments. It emphasizes the negative aspects of corrosion and examines the cost and the effort to test, evaluate, simulate, and prevent corrosion. The ability of corrosion to undo the best complex engineered systems has been documented.

This article provides information on the applications of fiber-reinforced composites in commercial and military aircrafts. It tabulates the composite components in various types of aircraft. The applications of the composites in the components of Boeing 727, 737, 757, 767, 777, and 777-200 are schematically illustrated.

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments for investigating the microstructure of metallic materials. This article highlights the development of SEM technology and describes the operation of basic systems in an SEM, including the electron optical column, signal detection and display equipment, and vacuum system. It discusses the preparation of samples for observation using an SEM and describes the application of SEM in fractography. If the surface remains unaffected and undamaged by events subsequent to the actual failure, it is often a simple matter to determine the failure mode by the use of an SEM. In cases where the surface is altered after the initial failure, the case may not be so straightforward. The article presents typical examples that illustrate these points. Image dependence on the microscope type and operating parameters is also discussed.

Hot-die forging and isothermal forging are unique forging methods developed to forge materials that are difficult or impossible to forge by conventional means. This article presents a comparative study on hot-die forging and isothermal forging. It discusses forging parameters, process selection considerations, design guidelines, alloy types and selection, and the advantages and disadvantages of hot-die forging and isothermal forging. The article discusses the application of the finite-element analysis modeling to design.

This article describes the techniques for measuring friction, namely, inclined-plane method; friction test methods using weights and pulleys; friction tests of shafts and capstans; other types of friction tests, including standards; microscale friction tests; and friction testing under well-lubricated conditions. The procedural considerations that should be addressed to ensure that valid data are derived from a friction test are discussed. The article explains friction testing geometries, the major considerations implicit in their use as well as friction test parameters, such as speed and load. It also demonstrates how to report friction data and how these data can be entered into a database.

This article provides a practical reference guide for instrumented indentation testing (IIT). It summarizes the various types of indenters used in IIT and parameters describing their geometries. The article discusses the physical principles and models used to determine hardness and elastic modulus from indentation load displacement data. Indentation deformation can be time-dependent, with the extent and nature of the time dependence strongly influenced by temperature. The article examines the methods for probing and characterizing the time-dependent phenomena. It also emphasizes the better-developed measurement techniques and procedures and calibrations required to obtain accurate and meaningful measurements.

This article addresses the specialized aspects required to accurately quantify the behavior of soft materials, including polymers and polymeric composites, using the split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). It details some of the specialized SHPB techniques that facilitate testing soft materials. These techniques include the data-reduction techniques and assumptions required to use polymer pressure bars, the importance of sample-size considerations to polymer testing, and temperature-control methodologies to measure the high-strain-rate uniaxial stress response of polymers and other soft materials.