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By
Russell J.H. Wanhill, Omid Oudbashi
By
J.R. Stewart, G.S. Ganot, C.E. Slone, B.A. James, C.T. Roepke
By
Richard P. Martukanitz
By
Lawrence F. Kuberski
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 40 Widening of cracks from the diaphragm region of the part shown in Fig. 39 . 10.4×
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Image
(a) As-received fractured anchor eyebolt, (b) thimble exhibiting widening w...
Available to Purchase
in Failures of Cranes and Lifting Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 35 (a) As-received fractured anchor eyebolt, (b) thimble exhibiting widening with deep impressions from the wire rope, and (c) As-received anchor eyebolt fracture surfaces exhibiting beach marks (parallel marks), indicative of progressive crack propagation Arrows show the initiation
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Book Chapter
Press Brakes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract Press brakes are a common and versatile type of equipment for bending metal by delivering an accurate vertical force in a confined longitudinal area. This article begins with a discussion on the design, widening methods, and types of materials used in press brakes. It focuses...
Abstract
Press brakes are a common and versatile type of equipment for bending metal by delivering an accurate vertical force in a confined longitudinal area. This article begins with a discussion on the design, widening methods, and types of materials used in press brakes. It focuses on the two basic drive systems used in operating press brakes, namely, mechanical and hydraulic drive systems. The article also provides an outline on the tooling associated with press-brakes.
Image
Macrograph of stress-corrosion cracking in an aluminum alloy forging that e...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 52 Macrograph of stress-corrosion cracking in an aluminum alloy forging that exhibits widening of stress-corrosion cracks adjacent to the exposed surface. Original magnification: 11×
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Image
Schematic showing the fatigue curve with the distribution of lives at three...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1997
Fig. 6 Schematic showing the fatigue curve with the distribution of lives at three different stress levels. Note that the distribution widens as the stress level decreases. Source: Ref 11
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Image
“Snowball” effect during crack development across the width of the coil cop...
Available to Purchase
in Systematic Analysis of Induction Coil Failures and Prevention
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 7 “Snowball” effect during crack development across the width of the coil copper face. While the crack widens (a–d), it also deepens ( Fig. 6 ). Source: Ref 9
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Image
(a) Incipient melting in A286 superalloy. (b) Incipient melting showing wid...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 22 (a) Incipient melting in A286 superalloy. (b) Incipient melting showing widened grain boundaries in A286 superalloy. Marble’s etch. (c) Aluminum 6061 heated close to the melting point. Keller’s etch
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Image
SEM secondary electron fractograph of a fragment from the kantharos inner c...
Available to Purchase
in Fractography of Ancient Metallic Artifacts, and Restoration and Conservation Aspects
> Fractography
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 29 SEM secondary electron fractograph of a fragment from the kantharos inner cup after (partial) infiltration with epoxy resin. The colored circles indicate grain boundaries partially covered with thin layers of resin, and the arrow points to a resin strand formed during widening
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Image
Example fracture surface for the kantharos inner cup. Note the brittleness ...
Available to Purchase
in Fractography of Ancient Metallic Artifacts, and Restoration and Conservation Aspects
> Fractography
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 6 Example fracture surface for the kantharos inner cup. Note the brittleness and one or two bodily-displaced grains with widened cracks. These features are diagnostic for microstructurally-induced embrittlement. The black "smudges" are nonmetallic contamination. Courtesy of SEM back
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Image
Egyptian vase SEM secondary electron fractograph showing bodily-displaced g...
Available to Purchase
in Fractography of Ancient Metallic Artifacts, and Restoration and Conservation Aspects
> Fractography
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 8 Egyptian vase SEM secondary electron fractograph showing bodily-displaced grains and consequently widened cracks diagnostic for microstructural embrittlement, and slip line attack and transgranular blocks of slip plane cracking diagnostic for stress-corrosion cracking of cold-worked
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Image
Ductility dip cracking (DDC) in a high-chromium nickel-base alloy. Note the...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 7 Ductility dip cracking (DDC) in a high-chromium nickel-base alloy. Note the preference of the crack to travel along migrated grain boundaries (GB), its proximity to twinned and recrystallized grains, the preferred direction of crack widening, and multiple crack-initiation points. Open
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Coupled zones (shaded regions) on eutectic phase diagrams. The coupled zone...
Available to PurchasePublished: 27 April 2016
coupled zone in an irregular eutectic. In both cases, the widening of the coupled zone near the eutectic temperature is observed only in directional solidification (positive thermal gradient). Source: Ref 6
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Image
Laser-drilling applications from macro to micro. (a) Turbine engine blades ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 October 2011
in diameter. Courtesy of Jenoptik. (d) Same hole as in (c) after etching. The etching process widens the hole diameter to 66 μm and affects the roundness. Courtesy of Jenoptik.
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Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... TEM (right) Limitations Many deburring processes remove the flash formed in a casting or die casting process. The thermal energy method is also used to remove flash, although it will not remove parting line flash entirely because the second fire extinguishes as the flash widens at its root...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of operation, capabilities, and limitations of the thermal energy method of deburring, with illustrations.
Book Chapter
Fractography of Ancient Metallic Artifacts, and Restoration and Conservation Aspects
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006841
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
..., and applying a protective resin to the inner and outer surfaces. Comments on the use of epoxy resin for filling the cracks are given in a later section on coatings in this article. A small sample from the inner cup was examined with SEM fractography ( Fig. 6 ). This shows bodily-displaced grains with widened...
Abstract
This article discusses fractures and cracks due to ancient artifact weaknesses. It provides several case studies to aid the appreciation of fractography as a diagnostic technique and to understand the importance of cracking. These case histories concern ancient gold and silver alloys, bronzes, and wrought irons. The article considers the applicabilities of fractography, metallography, and chemical analyses in answering archaeological and archaeometallurgical questions. The article also discusses the restoration and conservation of corroded and embrittled artifacts, including the use of coatings.
Book Chapter
Fractography of Weldments
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007037
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... cracking by the absence of liquid films on the fracture surface ( Ref 15 ). Figure 7 is a cross section of DDC in a high-chromium nickel-base alloy, showing the crack path following an MGB as well as the cracking generally localizing near twinned and recrystallized grains. Note that crack widening...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of fractography as it applies to metal weldments and presents examples of various fracture surface morphologies to demonstrate how fractographic analysis can be used to determine the cause of weld failures. It identifies weld fractography principles and details several weldment-specific geometric and metallurgical considerations. The role of the weld-cracking mechanisms on the resultant fracture surfaces is described, along with example micrographs and fractographs of weldments. Common discontinuities related to welding processes and their impact on the resulting fracture behavior and surfaces are covered, as well as the common fractographic features related to fatigue failures of welds.
Book Chapter
Eutectic Alloy Systems
Available to PurchaseBook: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... separate solid terminal phases, which are in three-phase equilibrium with the liquid at point P , an invariant point that occurred by coincidence. Then, if this two-phase field in the solid region is even further widened so that the solvus lines no longer touch at the invariant point, the diagram passes...
Abstract
This article begins with a schematic illustration of a eutectic system in which the two components of the system have the same crystal structure. Eutectic systems form when alloying additions cause a lowering of the liquidus lines from both melting points of the pure elements. The article describes the aluminum-silicon eutectic system and the lead-tin eutectic system. It discusses eutectic morphologies in terms of lamellar and fibrous eutectics, regular and irregular eutectics, and the interpretation of eutectic microstructures. The article examines the solidification of a binary alloy of exactly eutectic composition. It concludes with a discussion on terminal solid solutions.
Book Chapter
Selection and Weldability of Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... crack sensitivity by widening the temperature range in which a coherent solidifying structure is formed. This effect is shown in Fig. 4 , which describes the weld crack sensitivity of two commercial quaternary aluminum systems (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu and Al-Mg-Si-Cu) and a ternary system (Al-Cu-Mg) ( Ref 16 , 17...
Abstract
Aluminum alloys, particularly the heat-treatable alloys, are sensitive to weld cracking. Anticipation of these characteristics and general knowledge of these materials assist in selection of suitable method for welding heat-treatable aluminum alloys. This article provides a general description of the metallurgy, characteristics, and applications of heat-treatable aluminum alloys and a detailed discussion on the characteristics of heat-treatable aluminum alloys, their resulting impact on the weld quality and property, along with the methods of avoiding or reducing the impacts. The impact created in the weld quality includes crack sensitivity, liquation cracking, porosity, and heat-affected zone degradation. The article provides an overview of filler alloy selection for reducing weld crack sensitivity and increasing weld strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance in the welds of heat-treatable aluminum alloys.
Book Chapter
Machining, Trimming, and Routing of Polymer-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003424
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... no heat affected zone and can dwell in one spot for some time without widening the cut width. However, the process is quite noisy (requiring ear protection), requires good filtration equipment for the water, must be carefully monitored for jet wear (the most common jet material is sapphire), and has...
Abstract
This article describes the machining operations of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy, or carbon/epoxy thermoset composite materials, such as drilling, reaming, routing, trimming, end milling, slot milling, and facing. It reviews cutting tools for machining, including solid carbide, diamond plated, brazed diamond, diamond coated carbide, and polycrystalline cutting tools. The article also describes cutting tool materials that are used for peripheral milling, face milling, and the trimming of polymer-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005963
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... labeled Ar 3 . There is not much variation in this temperature with cooling rates. The region between the Ar 3 line and the the P s line widens with increasing cooling rates. The lines representing P s and P f remain nearly parallel up to a cooling rate of 5 °C/s. A marked change in the width...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the effect of boron in heat-treated steel and thermomechanically-simulated steel. It describes the boron hardenability mechanism and the effect of composition and heat treatment parameters on boron hardenability. The article examines the hardening behavior of unalloyed boron steel and low-alloyed boron steel in heat treatment experiments by varying the austenitizing temperatures and cooling conditions. It also discusses the applications of boron steels.
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