Search Results for widening

Press brakes are a common and versatile type of equipment for bending metal by delivering an accurate vertical force in a confined longitudinal area. This article begins with a discussion on the design, widening methods, and types of materials used in press brakes. It focuses on the two basic drive systems used in operating press brakes, namely, mechanical and hydraulic drive systems. The article also provides an outline on the tooling associated with press-brakes.

This article discusses the principles of operation, capabilities, and limitations of the thermal energy method of deburring, with illustrations.

This article discusses fractures and cracks due to ancient artifact weaknesses. It provides several case studies to aid the appreciation of fractography as a diagnostic technique and to understand the importance of cracking. These case histories concern ancient gold and silver alloys, bronzes, and wrought irons. The article considers the applicabilities of fractography, metallography, and chemical analyses in answering archaeological and archaeometallurgical questions. The article also discusses the restoration and conservation of corroded and embrittled artifacts, including the use of coatings.

This article provides an overview of fractography as it applies to metal weldments and presents examples of various fracture surface morphologies to demonstrate how fractographic analysis can be used to determine the cause of weld failures. It identifies weld fractography principles and details several weldment-specific geometric and metallurgical considerations. The role of the weld-cracking mechanisms on the resultant fracture surfaces is described, along with example micrographs and fractographs of weldments. Common discontinuities related to welding processes and their impact on the resulting fracture behavior and surfaces are covered, as well as the common fractographic features related to fatigue failures of welds.

This article begins with a schematic illustration of a eutectic system in which the two components of the system have the same crystal structure. Eutectic systems form when alloying additions cause a lowering of the liquidus lines from both melting points of the pure elements. The article describes the aluminum-silicon eutectic system and the lead-tin eutectic system. It discusses eutectic morphologies in terms of lamellar and fibrous eutectics, regular and irregular eutectics, and the interpretation of eutectic microstructures. The article examines the solidification of a binary alloy of exactly eutectic composition. It concludes with a discussion on terminal solid solutions.

Aluminum alloys, particularly the heat-treatable alloys, are sensitive to weld cracking. Anticipation of these characteristics and general knowledge of these materials assist in selection of suitable method for welding heat-treatable aluminum alloys. This article provides a general description of the metallurgy, characteristics, and applications of heat-treatable aluminum alloys and a detailed discussion on the characteristics of heat-treatable aluminum alloys, their resulting impact on the weld quality and property, along with the methods of avoiding or reducing the impacts. The impact created in the weld quality includes crack sensitivity, liquation cracking, porosity, and heat-affected zone degradation. The article provides an overview of filler alloy selection for reducing weld crack sensitivity and increasing weld strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance in the welds of heat-treatable aluminum alloys.

This article describes the machining operations of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy, or carbon/epoxy thermoset composite materials, such as drilling, reaming, routing, trimming, end milling, slot milling, and facing. It reviews cutting tools for machining, including solid carbide, diamond plated, brazed diamond, diamond coated carbide, and polycrystalline cutting tools. The article also describes cutting tool materials that are used for peripheral milling, face milling, and the trimming of polymer-matrix composites.

This article provides a detailed discussion on the effect of boron in heat-treated steel and thermomechanically-simulated steel. It describes the boron hardenability mechanism and the effect of composition and heat treatment parameters on boron hardenability. The article examines the hardening behavior of unalloyed boron steel and low-alloyed boron steel in heat treatment experiments by varying the austenitizing temperatures and cooling conditions. It also discusses the applications of boron steels.