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Book Chapter

By Richard B. Gundlach
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005327
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article presents a discussion on the melting, pouring, and shakeout practices; composition control; molds, patterns, and casting design; heat treatment; and applications of different classes of nickel-chromium white irons and high-chromium white irons. iron castings heat...
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 White iron. (a) Microstructure of as-cast, sand-cast white iron (3.6C-0.41Si-0.46Mn-0.98Cr-0.15P-0.024S). Carbon equivalent: 3.7%. White area is iron carbide (cementite). Gray areas are solidified as austenite and were transformed to pearlite during solid-state cooling. Etched with 2 More
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000604
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of pearlitic malleable and ferritic malleable white irons, and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the fracture...
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Structure of as-cast malleable white iron showing a mixture of pearlite and eutectic carbides. Original magnification: 200× More
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 4 Microstructures of high-chromium white iron compositions. (a) Low carbon (hypoeutectic). (b) Eutectic. (c) High-carbon (hypereutectic). Original magnification: all 75×. Courtesy of Climax Molybdenum Company More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 14 As-cast high-chromium white iron (Fe-1.57%C-18.64%Cr-2.86%Mn-0.53%Si-0.036%P-0.013%S). Eutectic chromium carbides type M 7 C 3 in austenitic matrix. Etched with glyceregia. 500× More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 40 Same white iron as in Fig. 39 but after etching with 4% nital. M, martensite; EC, eutectic carbides; and SC, secondary carbides. 1300× (microscopic magnification 1000×) More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 41 Same white iron as in Fig. 39 and Fig. 40 but as-cast. Eutectic carbides in austenitic matrix. Etched with glyceregia. 500× More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 43 As-cast high-chromium white iron (Fe-4.52%C-0.4%Si-2.86%Mn-35.0%Cr-0.06%P-0.012%S). PC, primary carbides; EC, eutectic carbides, both M 7 C 3 type. Etched with glyceregia. 500× More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 46 Same white iron as in Fig. 39 but after slight etching with 4% nital and examined in bright-field illumination. EC, eutectic carbides type M 7 C 3 ; SC, secondary carbides; and M, martensite. 1000× More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 49 Same white iron as in Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 but casting was heat treated at 1000 °C (1830 °F), held 1 h, furnace cooled to 400 °C (750 °F) for 2 h, taken to salt bath at 400 °C (750 °F), held 4 h, and air cooled. Examined in bright-field illumination. EC, eutectic carbides type M 7 C More
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 94 As-cast white iron (Fe-3.0%C-2.7%Si-0.45%Mn-0.07%P-0.025%S). C, cementite; P, pearlite. Etched with 4% nital. 400× More
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 3 (a) Thermal expansion and (b) specific heat of white iron More
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 5 Structure of unalloyed chill-cast white iron. Composition: 3.6TC-0.7Si-0.8Mn. Structure shows coarse lamellar pearlite and ferrite in a matrix of M 3 C carbides. (a) 4% picral etch. Original magnification: 100×. (b) 4% picral etch. Original magnification: 1000× More
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 6 Structure of sand-cast white iron. Composition: 3.4TC-0.4Si-0.6Mn-1.4Cr-3.0Ni. Structure shows austenite-martensite in a matrix of M 3 C carbides. (a) Etched in 1% picric acid plus 5% HCl in methanol. Original magnification: 100×. (b) Etched in picral and a hot aqueous solution More
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 7 Structure of sand-cast white iron. Composition: 3.5TC-0.4Si-0.8Mn-16.0Cr-3.0Mo. Structure shows M 7 C 3 carbides in a matrix of austenite containing small amounts of pearlite and martensite. (a) Etched in 1% picric acid plus 5% HCl in methanol. Original magnification: 100×. (b) Etched More
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 2 Microstructure of gray irons. All except white iron contain flake graphite. Nital etch; 100×. (a) 100% ferrite; 120 HB. (b) 50% pearlite, 50% ferrite; 150 HB. (c) Coarse pearlite; 195 HB. (d) Fine pearlite; 215 HB. (e) Pearlite + steadite; 200 HB. (f) Pearlite + carbide; 240 HB. (g More
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 3 High-chromium white iron microstructures. (a) As-cast austenitic-martensitic matrix microstructure. (b) Heat-treated martensitic microstructure. The massive carbides typically found in high-alloy white irons are the white constituent. Both at 500× More
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Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 1 Plot of volume loss versus carbon content for high-chromium white iron metal-to-earth abrasion hardfacing alloys. (a) Low-stress condition. (b) High-stress condition. Source: Ref 5 More
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Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 2 Microstructures of high-chromium white iron metal-to-earth abrasion alloys hardfaced with two-layer flux-colored open arc deposit. (a) ERFeCr-A3. (b) ERFeCr-A4(Mod). (c) ERFeCr-A2. 300×. Source: Ref 2 More