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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 73 Effect of fluid wettability of a fluid on a solid surface. The contact angle serves as a wettability index. Decreasing contact angles indicate increasing wettability.
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 83 Correlation between wettability and cooling rate for petroleum-based quench oils containing additives. Source: Ref 180
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Published: 01 February 2024
Fig. 3 Effect of fluid wettability on a solid surface. The contact angle serves as a wettability index. Decreasing contact angles indicate increasing wettability.
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Published: 01 February 2024
Fig. 13 Correlation between wettability and cooling rate for petroleum-based quench oils containing additives. Note: The composition of the oil and additive for each data point was not provided in the original reference. Adapted from Ref 8
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article discusses the solidification of a matrix alloy in cast metal matrix composites (MMCs). It begins with a discussion on the mixing techniques in reinforcement incorporation and wettability of reinforcement. It describes the solidification processes, such as stir mixing...
Abstract
This article discusses the solidification of a matrix alloy in cast metal matrix composites (MMCs). It begins with a discussion on the mixing techniques in reinforcement incorporation and wettability of reinforcement. It describes the solidification processes, such as stir mixing and melt infiltration, used in the synthesis of MMCs. The article also considers the fundamentals of the process and presents a computational modeling of particle/solidification front interactions in metal-ceramic systems. The article concludes with information on nanocomposites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., including types of solder alloy in terms of selection process; selection of substrate base material; flux selection based on adequate wettability by the solder; solder joint assembly; combined substrate, solder, and flux properties; and manufacturing procedures. Each of these parameters is explored using...
Abstract
Soldering technology has been used in applications ranging from the packaging of integrated circuit chips to the fabrication of industrial heat exchangers and consequently in structural or electronic applications. This article provides information on various soldering parameters, including types of solder alloy in terms of selection process; selection of substrate base material; flux selection based on adequate wettability by the solder; solder joint assembly; combined substrate, solder, and flux properties; and manufacturing procedures. Each of these parameters is explored using examples of both structural and electronic applications. The article concludes with a discussion on the environmental, safety, and health issues to be considered during soldering.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... of solution analysis Difficult Easy Easy Easy Critical temperature No 21–32 °C (70–90 °F) No Controlled Color of solution Clear Clear Clear Clear Wettability Easy Difficult Easy Difficult Anode Insoluble Indium Indium Indium Cathode efficiency 40–50% 40–50% 90% 30–70...
Abstract
This article focuses on the electrodeposition of indium and its alloys, such as indium-antimony, indium-gallium, and indium-bismuth, in nonaqueous indium plating baths. It also provides information on the stripping of indium plate from plated components and presents an overview of the specifications, standards, and hazards of indium plating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001345
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... 2057 5.6 0.01 329 (b) 1530 +3.00 660 (a) Average of two tests. (b) One test only These data provide a means of comparing the wettability of beryllium by various liquids. If one assumes wettability for contact angles less than 90° and nonwetting for angles greater than 90...
Abstract
This article describes the physical principles of brazing with illustrations and details elements of the brazing process. The elements of brazing process include filler-metal flow, base-metal characteristics, filler-metal characteristics, surface preparation, joint design and clearance, temperature and time, rate and source of heating, and protection by an atmosphere or flux. The article explains the different types of brazing processes: manual torch brazing, furnace brazing, induction brazing, dip brazing, resistance brazing, infrared (quartz) brazing, exothermic brazing, electron-beam and laser brazing, microwave brazing, and braze welding.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... near the analysis area or using very thin samples mounted on a conducting plate. Applications Example 1: Wettability of Graphite The wettability of a material is often an important consideration. In some applications, a wettable surface is desired, for example, the flow of ink in a fountain...
Abstract
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for investigating the crystallography of surfaces and overlayers adsorbed on surfaces. This article describes the principles of diffraction from surfaces, and elucidates the method of sample preparation to achieve diffraction patterns. The article describes the limitations of surface sensitive electron diffraction and discusses the applications of LEED with examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006655
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
.... Most insulators can be investigated with special techniques, such as providing surface conduction paths near the analysis area or using very thin samples mounted on a conducting plate. Applications Example 1: Wettability of Graphite The wettability of a material often is an important...
Abstract
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for investigating the crystallography of surfaces and overlayers adsorbed on surfaces. This article provides a brief account of LEED, covering the principles and measurements of diffraction from surfaces. Some of the processes involved in sample preparation are described. In addition, the article discusses the limitations of surface-sensitive electron diffraction and the applications of LEED with examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001346
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... a solid solution. Eutectic alloy structures and behavior are of critical importance in soldering. Wettability of Metals by Solder Solder wetting necessarily involves the metallurgical reactions between the filler metal and the base metal. This interaction at the solder/base-metal interface can...
Abstract
Soldering is defined as a joining process by which two substrates are bonded together using a filler metal with a liquidus temperature. This article provides an overview of fundamentals of soldering and presents guidelines for flux selection. Types of fluxes, including rosin-base fluxes, organic fluxes, inorganic fluxes, and synthetically activated fluxes, are reviewed. The article describes the joint design and precleaning and surface preparation for soldering. It addresses some general considerations in the soldering of electronic devices. Soldering process parameters, affecting wetting and spreading phenomena, such as temperature, time, vapor pressure, metallurgical and chemical nature of the surfaces, and surface geometry, are discussed. The article also describes the applications of furnace soldering, resistance soldering, infrared soldering, and ultrasonic soldering. It contains a table that lists tests commonly used to evaluate the solderability properties of selected soldered components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
.... The nucleation of the bubble and bubble parameters depend on the surface tension of the fluid. Lower surface tension of the fluid enhances liquid wettability, which results in an enhanced boiling heat transfer. The addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid reduces its surface tension, and with the increase...
Abstract
This article details investigations on the characterization of various nanofluids as quenchants for industrial heat treatment. It provides a discussion on the preparation, stability, thermophysical properties, and wetting characteristics of nanofluids. The article explains the mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluids and discusses the effect of the deposition of nanoparticles on the probe surface. The article also presents the microstructure and mechanical properties of steel quenched in nanofluids.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006853
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
.... Laser Treatment In contrast with sandblasting and acid etching techniques, laser treatment exerts zero risk of surface contamination, because there is no direct contact between the laser and the biomaterial ( Ref 51 ). Laser surface treatments also tend to improve material wettability by altering...
Abstract
One of the most frequently cited advantages of ceramics in dentistry relates to aesthetics, and the same applies for dental implants. Zirconia has emerged as the material of choice for nonmetal implants. This article introduces the reader to zirconia as an implant material, its properties, manufacturing processes, and the particular surface modifications and treatments that have rendered its surfaces biologically compatible with peri-implant soft and hard tissues.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007002
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... of viscosity and wettability on quenching behavior by contact angle measurements of four quench oil compositions ( Table 3 ). Viscosity is determined by the molecular composition of the oil and would be expected to exhibit its greatest influence on heat transfer during convection. Surface activity (wettability...
Abstract
In this article, an in-depth overview of petroleum quenching oils is provided, including oil composition, use, mechanism of the oil quenching processes, oil degradation, toxicology and safety, and quenching bath maintenance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006571
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... be compatible with the binder of the BJAM system to successfully process ceramic materials. Material-binder compatibility can be generally characterized by binder adsorption on the particle surfaces and overall wettability of the binder on the powder bed. Binder adsorption is primarily determined by the surface...
Abstract
The highly irregular morphologies of ceramic powder particles due to their process history present a challenge to binder jetting additive manufacturing (BJ-AM) ceramic powder feedstock processability, but knowledge of powder metallurgy of ceramics benefits the development and analysis of the BJ-AM ceramic processes. Understanding BJ-AM process principles and ceramics processing challenges requires reviewing a number of fundamental principles, which this article delineates. The discussion covers the processability considerations, a brief summary of some fundamental aspects of modeling of liquid permeation in the powder bed, and process capabilities and advantages of BJ-AM technology.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005933
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... 101 Fig. 4 Effect of alloying elements on time-temperature transformation diagram. Source: Ref 102 Wetting Characteristics of Nanofluids The presence of nanoparticles affects the spreading and wettability of base fluids because of additional particle-particle, particle-solid...
Abstract
Nanofluids offer a completely different behavior of wetting kinetics and heat-removal characteristics, which are exploited in industrial heat treatment for quenching. This article provides information on the important thermophysical properties of nanofluids, namely, thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat, density, and surface tension. It reviews wetting and boiling heat-transfer characteristics of nanofluids as quenchants and highlights the importance of using nanofluids as effective quench media for the hardening process during heat treatment. The article describes the effect of nanoparticle addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties of components, wetting kinetics, and kinematics.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... to the skeleton as well. An example is the infiltration process used in manufacturing tungsten carbide components for use in oil and gas applications. Often, the basic tungsten carbide powder skeleton is modified with the addition of nickel powder to improve wettability and final infiltration-phase physical...
Abstract
This article provides information on the infiltration mechanism of carbide structures. It reviews the basic techniques used for metal infiltration, including dip infiltration, contact filtration, gravity feed infiltration, and external-pressure infiltration. The article highlights various applications of contact infiltration in oil, gas, and blast-hole drilling such as fixed-cutter drill bits and diamond-impregnated coring bits. It also discusses the applications of infiltrated carbide material in erosion-resistant cladding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... available alloys based on silver, gold, or palladium have all been evaluated for refractory metal brazing. In Ref 1 , the 19 filler metals considered for molybdenum and the 32 considered for TZM are ranked on a wettability index. It was found that TZM was less-readily brazed than molybdenum, because...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on filler metal selection, brazing procedures, and brazing equipment for brazing refractory metals. These include molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, and tantalum, and reactive metals. Commercially pure and alpha titanium alloys, alpha-beta alloys, zirconium alloys, and beryllium alloys are some reactive metals discussed in the article.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005673
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
Abstract
Stainless steels are used for medical implants and surgical tools due to the excellent combination of properties, such as cost, strength, corrosion resistance, and ease of cleaning. This article describes the classifications of stainless steels, such as austenitic stainless steels, martensitic stainless steels, ferritic stainless steels, precipitation-hardening stainless steels, and duplex stainless steels. It contains a table that lists common medical device applications for stainless steels. The article discusses the physical metallurgy and physical and mechanical properties of stainless steels. Medical device considerations for stainless steels, such as fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, and passivation techniques, are reviewed. The article explains the process features of implant-grade stainless steels, including type 316L, type 316LVM, nitrogen-strengthened, ASTM F1314, ASTM F1586, ASTM F2229, and ASTM F2581 stainless steels.
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