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weldments
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003116
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... nothing more than a simple aging treatment. Stainless steel weldments generally are heated to temperatures below the usual annealing temperature to decrease high residual stresses when full annealing after welding is impossible. Most often, stress relieving is performed on weldments that are too large...
Abstract
Fabrication of wrought stainless steels requires use of greater power, more frequent repair or replacement of processing equipment, and application of procedures to minimize or correct surface contamination because of its greater strength, hardness, ductility, work hardenability and corrosion resistance. This article provides a detailed account of such difficulties encountered in the fabrication of wrought stainless steel by forming, forging, cold working, machining, heat treating, and joining processes. Stainless steels are subjected to various heat treatments such as annealing, hardening, and stress relieving. Stainless steels are commonly joined by welding, brazing, and soldering. The article lists the procedures and precautions that should be instituted during welding to ensure optimum corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in the completed assembly.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006479
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
...” ASTM E164 “Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments” ASTM E213 “Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing” ASTM E2375 “Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Wrought Products” ASTM E94 “Guide for Radiographic Examination” ASTM E1742...
Abstract
This article is a brief guide to information sources on nondestructive testing (NDT). It provides examples of some of the standards bodies commonly used by NDT personnel. These include the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), American Welding Society (AWS), American Petroleum Institute (API), and American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT). All of these organizations used industry subject-matter experts and a consensus process in the development of their codes and standards.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... uniform fill of the entire mold cavity. Time to market can be a major focus, and components often are designed to be manufactured by the process(es) that will deliver them with the shortest lead time. This leads to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) designing and manufacturing weldments and...
Abstract
In terms of component design, casting offers a great amount of flexibility. This article discusses the parameters that can drive the geometry of casting design from a process standpoint. It provides information on the design of junctions and addresses considerations of secondary operations in design. The article describes the factors that control casting tolerances and provides specific tips for designing castings with uniform wall thickness and unequal sections, designing thin sections, designing for economical coring, designing for functional packaging, and core design principles. The choice of whether a component is best manufactured as welded, assembled, fabricated, forged, machined, or cast is based on the component geometry, production costs, and requirements in application. The article addresses these issues and provides a framework for analyzing all manners of manufacturing as possible conversion candidates. It concludes with a discussion on different metalcasting design projects.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000609
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... fatigue crack propagation fractograph inclusions intergranular fracture pressure vessels Solidification cracking in laser-beam weldments of ASTM A372, class 6 (HY-80). Laser welds in 13-mm (0.5-in) thick plate were made at a travel speed of 13 mm/s (30 in./min) using a beam power of 10.6 kW and a...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of ASTM/ASME alloy steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the solidification cracking, creep failure, brittle fracture, fracture by overpressurization, inclusion effect, fatigue crack propagation, ductile fatigue striation, secondary cracking, intergranular fracture, and elevated-temperature fracture of alloy steels used in pressure vessels, steam boiler superheater tubes, and box-girder bridges.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... addresses various forms of corrosion observed in brazed and soldered joints, their causes, the role of proper brazing procedures in controlling corrosion, and the corrosion resistance of various brazing alloy systems. Corrosion of weldments is discussed in the articles “Corrosion of Carbon Steel Weldments...
Abstract
Corrosion is often thought of as rusting, the process of deterioration undergone by a metal when it is exposed to air or water. This article provides the fundamentals of joints corrosion and primarily addresses the various forms of corrosion observed in brazed and soldered joints and their causes. It describes the role of proper brazing procedures in controlling corrosion. The article concludes with information on the corrosion resistance of various brazing alloy systems.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003969
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Corrosion 236 Crevice, underdeposit attack Crevice Corrosion 242 Filiform Filiform Corrosion 248 Metallurgically influenced corrosion Dealloying Effects of Metallurgical Variables on Dealloying Corrosion 287 Galvanic Galvanic Corrosion 210 Weldments Corrosion of...
Abstract
This article is a pictorial guide to forms of corrosion that draws attention to common pitfalls or situations that have caused premature corrosion, sometimes with expensive consequences. The examples used are not exhaustive; they highlight the necessity to fully examine materials, conditions, and specific circumstances that together can reduce the anticipated service life of a component or plant. The color images in this article are categorized according to the type of corrosion following the general order that is adopted in Volume 13A of ASM Handbook. The first table of the article provides a categorization of the forms of corrosion. It also provides a reference to articles or sections of articles in Volume 13A that detail the particular corrosion form or mechanism. The second table is a guide listing the figures in this article by material and by the corrosion form or mechanism illustrated.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of steels (particularly weldments) to hydrogen embrittlement. The threshold obtained by this method will be somewhat high, as test duration at each load is short. Fig. 18 Typical load-time record for four-point rising step-load test To index susceptibility to hydrogen-assisted cracking...
Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) occurs under service conditions, which can result, often without any prior warning, in catastrophic failure. Hydrogen embrittlement is distinguished from stress-corrosion cracking generally by the interactions of the specimens with applied currents. To determine the susceptibility of alloys to SCC and hydrogen embrittlement, several types of testing are available. This article describes the constant extension testing, constant load testing, constant strain-rate testing for smooth specimens and precracked or notched specimens of SCC. It provides information on the cantilever beam test, wedge-opening load test, contoured double-cantilever beam test, three-point and four-point bend tests, rising step-load test, disk-pressure test, slow strain-rate tensile test, and potentiostatic slow strain-rate tensile test for hydrogen embrittlement.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... is required after tumbling and before resistance welding to remove residual smut, which can cause poor-quality weldments. There is less need for pickling prior to fusion welding, unless an inspection of the weldments reveals porosity or inclusions that are a result of pickup from the tumbling process...
Abstract
This article describes the methods for removing metallic contaminants, tarnish, and scale resulting from hot-working or heat-treating operations on nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-base heat-resistant alloys. It provides a brief description of applicable finishing and coating processes, including polishing, electroplating, ceramic coatings, diffusion coatings, and shot-peening. The article presents numerous examples that identify cleaning and finishing problems and the procedures used to solve them.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003206
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
Abstract
Arc welding methods can be classified into shielded metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, plasma-metal inert gas (MIG) welding, and electroslag and electrogas welding. This article provides information on process capabilities, principles of operation, power sources, electrodes, shielding gases, flux, process variables, and advantages and disadvantages of these arc welding methods. It presents information about the arc welding procedures of hardenable carbon and alloy steels, cast irons, stainless steels, heat-resistant alloys, aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel alloys, and titanium and titanium alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of a T-shape section of a casting or in a weld in a T-shape weldment is most likely to be revealed when the radiation is directed along the bisector of the angle between the legs of the section, because most cracks in such a location run perpendicular to the surface midway between the legs of the “T...
Abstract
Film radiography requires the development of the exposed film so that the latent image becomes visible for viewing. It describes the general characteristics of film, including speed, gradient, and graininess, and the factors affecting film selection and exposure time. The article discusses the three major inspection techniques for tubular sections, namely, the double-wall, double-image technique; the double-wall, single-image technique; and the single-wall, single-image technique. It illustrates the arrangements of penetrameters and identification markers for the radiography of plates, cylinders, and flanges. The article discusses various control methods, including the use of lead screens; protection against backscatter and scatter from external objects; and the use of masks, diaphragms, collimators, and filtration. The radiographic appearance of specific types of flaws is also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on two methods of radiographic film processing: manual and automatic processing.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... controlled to maintain useful ductility in the weldment. Alloy composition, welding procedure, and subsequent heat treatment are very important in determining the final properties of welded joints. Mechanical properties for representative alloys and types of welds can be summarized as follows...
Abstract
Titanium metal passes through three major steps during processing from ore to finished product: reduction of titanium ore to sponge (porous form), melting of sponge and scrap to form ingot, and remelting and casting into finished shape. This article describes primary fabrication, including all operations that convert ingot into general mill products, such as billet, bar, plate, sheet, strip, tube, and wire. The section on secondary fabrication describes processes such as die forging, extrusion, hot and cold forming, machining, chemical milling, and joining. The article presents a short note on powder metallurgy products of titanium. Casting processes and properties are covered in the final section.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... levels of oxide inclusions. Castings produced by this process are used in gas turbine engines. Thin-wall components (0.5 mm, or 0.02 in.) previously made as weldments can be produced, thus enabling design freedom for shaped castings that maximize heat transfer, ease assembly, and reduce thermal fatigue...
Abstract
This article discusses several production implementations that use differential pressure countergravity mold filling methods. These include countergravity low-pressure air process, countergravity low-pressure vacuum process, countergravity low-pressure inert atmosphere process, countergravity pressure vacuum process, supported shell technique, loose sand vacuum process, and countergravity centrifugal casting process.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001228
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
..., strip, or structural shapes Weldments and fabrications of ferrous and nonferrous materials Aluminum, magnesium, or zinc permanent mold or diecast items Thermoplastic or thermoset plastics Steel bar stock and wire rod Precision molded rubber parts High-alloy dies and molds for rubber...
Abstract
Mechanical cleaning systems are used to remove contaminants of work surface by propelling abrasive materials through any of these three principal methods: airless centrifugal blast blade- or vane-type wheels; compressed air, direct-pressure dry blast nozzle systems; or compressed-air, indirect-suction (induction) wet or dry blast nozzle systems. This article focuses on the abrasive media, equipment, applications, and limitations of dry and wet blast cleaning. It discusses the health and safety precautions to be taken during mechanical cleaning.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... media or to act as sacrificial anodes. In most structures designed to resist corrosion, joints represent the greatest challenge, whether they are welded, soldered, or brazed. For most wrought corrosion-resistant alloys, there are matching weld filler metals. However, weldments are generally less...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals and alloys are widely used to resist corrosion. This article describes the most widely used nonferrous metals, such as aluminum, copper, nickel, and titanium. It also provides information on several specialty nonferrous products that cannot easily be categorized by elemental base.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... structure ( Fig. 5 g). In medium-carbon steels, the spheroidized form provides excellent tool life but tends to provide poorer surface finish. The Widmanstätten structure is often present in the thinner sections of steel forgings, steel castings, and steel weldments that have not been subjected to post-heat...
Abstract
An understanding of the influence of microstructure on machinability can provide an insight into more efficient machining and the correct solution to problems. Providing numerous microstructures to depict examples, this article describes the relationship between the microstructure and machinability of cast irons, steels, and aluminum alloys. It presents data on hardness values and the effect of the matrix microstructure of cast iron on tool life. It also explains how a higher inclusion count improves the machinability of steels and why aluminum alloys can be machined at very high speeds.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... weldments, because it enables the determination and measurement of all surface imperfections and their assessment against relevant standards. Typically, 60 to 70% of all weld defects are found through visual examination. Fig. 3 It is obvious that multiple repairs were performed on this header stub...
Abstract
Visual inspection (VI) is the oldest inspection technique man has used as a quality-control tool to evaluate products, assess their final form in terms of fabrication accuracy and external features based on experience, and decide on their acceptance or rejection. This article discusses the basic principles of visual inspection in terms of direct visual examination and indirect visual examination as well as advantages and limitations of visual inspection. It reviews the factors affecting the effectiveness of VI as a nondestructive testing (NDT): lighting conditions of observation, condition of surface under inspection, physical state/condition of inspector, proper training of personnel and level of expertise, and knowledge of applicable standards. The article provides schematic illustrations of rigid borescopes, fiberscopes, and videoscopes. It concludes with a discussion on automated optical inspection systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.9781627081740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... stainless steel weldments to intergranular corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, and SCC. These phenomena often occur in the heat-affected zone of the weld. Sensitization and intermetallic phase precipitation can be corrected by solution annealing after welding. Alternatively, low carbon or stabilized...
Abstract
Selection of appropriate grades of steel will enable the steel to perform for very long times with minimal corrosion, but an inadequate grade can corrode and perforate more rapidly than a plain carbon steel will fail by uniform corrosion. This article describes the effect of chemical composition, heat treatment, welding, and surface condition on corrosion resistance of stainless steels. It discusses the various forms of corrosion and the important factors to be considered when selecting suitable stainless steel for application in specific corrosive environments.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... weldments. Magnetization employing surges of direct current can be used to increase the strength of magnetic fields; for example, a rectifier capable of continuously delivering 400 A current can put out much more than 400 A for short intervals. Therefore, it is possible, by suitable current-control and...
Abstract
Magnetic-particle inspection is a method of locating surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. This article discusses the applications and advantages and limitations of magnetic-particle inspection. It describes magnetic fields in terms of magnetized ring, magnetized bar, circular magnetization, longitudinal magnetization, and effects of flux direction. General applications, advantages, and limitations of the various magnetizing methods used in magnetic-particle inspection are listed in a table. The article discusses the items that must be considered in establishing a set of procedures for the magnetic-particle inspection of a specific part: type of current, type of magnetic particles, method of magnetization, direction of magnetization, magnitude of applied current, and equipment. It concludes with a discussion on demagnetization after magnetic-particle inspection.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001314
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... material dimensional loss can readily occur if process parameters (e.g., continued maintenance of bath chemistry, temperatures, and immersion time) are ignored. Caution should be observed when pickling bimetallic items, weldments, and components with platings or coated surfaces, because selective...
Abstract
Nickel alloys can be divided into four groups: high-nickel alloys, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and nickel-iron-chromium alloys. Alloys within each composition group that has similar surface conditions are pickled in the same solutions using the same procedures. This article discusses the procedures used for pickling nickel and nickel alloys. It discusses three different surface conditions for pickling these nickel alloys: bright annealed white surface requiring removal of tarnish by flash pickling; bright annealed oxidized surface requiring removal of a layer of reduced oxide, sometimes followed by a flash pickle to brighten; and black or dark-colored surface requiring removal of adherent oxide film or scale. The article also reviews specialized pickling operations of nickel alloys and various cleaning and finishing operations, including grinding, polishing, buffing, brushing, and blasting.