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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006012
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... laminates in which each layer is only one molecule deep. There are many applications based on properties that include being chemically active to being wear resistant. Nanoparticulate coatings, including metallic stainless steel coatings sprayed with nanocrystalline powders, have greater hardness than...
Abstract
Nanotechnology and smart-coating technologies have been reported to show great promise for improved performance in critical areas such as corrosion resistance, durability, and conductivity. This article exemplifies nanofilms and nanomaterials used in coatings applications, including carbon nanotubes, silica, metals/metal oxides, ceramics, clays, buckyballs, graphene, polymers, titanium dioxide, and waxes. These can be produced by a variety of methods, including chemical vapor deposition, plasma arcing, electrodeposition, sol-gel synthesis, and ball milling. The application of nanotechnology and the development of smart coatings have been dependent largely on the availability of analytical and imaging techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy.
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001302
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... methods for wear or erosion resistance, but they relate to the testing of metals, plastics, refractory materials, and organic coatings. Reference 12 describes an abrasion tester that is essentially an air-blast erosion rig. Reference 13 describes an erosion tester that is similar but different in...
Abstract
Standardization, repeatability, convenience, short testing time, and simple measuring and ranking techniques are desirable in wear and erosion tests. This article provides a brief review of the wear testing methods and wear and erosion test equipment. General elements of a wear test, namely, simulation, acceleration, specimen preparation, control, measurement, and reporting, are reviewed.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001282
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Praxair Surface Technologies, Inc. The applications of thermal spray coatings are extremely varied, but the largest categories of use are to enhance the wear and/or corrosion resistance of a surface. Other applications include their use for dimensional restoration, as thermal barriers, as thermal...
Abstract
This article introduces thermal spray coatings and describes the various types of coating processes and coating devices, including the flame spray, electric-arc spray, plasma spray, transferred plasma arc, high-velocity oxyfuel, and detonation gun. It provides information on the surface preparation methods and finishing treatments of coated parts. The article also explains the tests to evaluate the coating quality and the effects of coating structures and mechanical properties on coated parts. It concludes with a discussion on the uses of thermal spray coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... 14 ). Resistance to mechanical damage and wear is attributable to the good abrasion resistance ( Table 5 ) and impact resistance of PVDF-based coatings. The impact resistance of PVDF-based coatings is so good that usually the metal substrate can be ruptured on impact with no cracking or loss of...
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based coatings are typically used in outdoor applications that require exceptionally high performance and excellent long-term exterior durability with little maintenance. This article provides a background of three fluoropolymers most commonly used for coatings, namely, PVDF, polyvinyl fluoride, and polytetrafluoroethylene. It focuses on general properties, polymerization, resin types, coating formulation, technology of organic coatings, coating properties, and health and related safety considerations of PVDF. The article describes the application and typical end uses of PVDF-based coatings and the opportunities for improvement in PVDF-based coatings as with all organic coatings.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001296
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... composition surrounding the piece, but also temperature and its changes and specific conditions of flow. This means that corrosion is a materials behavior in a specific environment. Increasingly, corrosion resistance must be provided even by decorative coatings and those used for wear resistance. Numerous...
Abstract
This article focuses on the testing and typical corrosion behavior of coating-substrate systems in aqueous solutions and humid aggressive atmospheres. It includes a short review of the fundamentals of corrosion, followed by a discussion of specific system behavior, electrochemical and laboratory accelerated tests, and simulated service tests. The article also contains examples of different types of corrosion damage and presents guidelines for improving corrosion resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003217
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...) as an aid to cold forming, tube drawing, or wiredrawing; (c) for increasing wear resistance; or (d) for rustproofing. Iron phosphate coatings were the first to be used commercially. Early iron phosphating solutions consisted of ferrous phosphate/phosphoric acid used at temperatures near...
Abstract
There are various coating techniques in practice to prevent the deterioration of steels. This article focuses on dip, barrier, and chemical conversion coatings and describes hot-dip processes for coating carbon steels with zinc, aluminum, lead-tin, and other alloys. It describes continuous electrodeposition for steel strip and babbitting and discusses phosphate and chromate conversion coatings as well. It also addresses painting, discussing types and selection, surface preparation, and application methods. In addition, the article describes rust-preventive compounds and their application. It also provides information on weld-overlay and thermal spray coating, porcelain enameling, and the preparation of enamel frits for steels. The article closes by describing methods and materials for ceramic coating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... also its appearance and its resistance to abrasion, chemicals, temperature cycling, and abusive wear. The furniture industry is a diverse and design-driven industry, influenced by trends, color, and fashion as well as changing lifestyles. Powder coatings are used mainly for metal furniture components...
Abstract
Powder coatings are widely used by manufacturers as a finish of choice to enhance the appearance and performance of their products. This article begins with a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of powder coatings. It describes the selection of coating-types and uses of powder coatings in appliance industries, furniture industries, computer industries, fixture industries, architectural industries, automotive industries, agriculture and construction equipment industries, recreational equipment industries, and general industries. Powder coating formulations consist of binder systems, pigments, extenders, and additives. The basic process flow for the manufacture of powder coatings consists of premix, extrusion, grinding, and packing. The article also provides information on application of powder coatings, including pretreatment, deposition, and curing as well as on troubleshooting, trends and challenges for the powder coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... weathers through oxidation to water-soluble acids ( Ref 6 ). In time, the surface hardening of coal tar pitches can result in a particulate deterioration by wearing and breakdown. This wearing and breakdown of coal tar into particles can be washed into the soil by rain, blown by wind, or tracked by...
Abstract
Bitumen for coating usage can best be categorized as two fundamental but very different types: asphalts and coal tars. This article provides a detailed discussion on asphalt and coal tar hot-melt applications; asphalt and coal tar emulsions; asphalt and coal tar cutbacks; and coal tar epoxies. It reviews the similarities between asphaltic and coal tar coatings and discusses the health and environmental concerns of these materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... contaminants, and the generation of ozone, which is lethal to microorganisms. Unfortunately, UV light exposure also degrades organic resin paint binders. Combined with normal wear, abrasive cleansers, and chemical disinfectants, this exposure can quickly destroy the protective properties of a coating...
Abstract
This article focuses on those areas of coatings technology where silicon-based technology (SBT) is the primary enabling technology and where SBT is used as an additive to provide unique properties to the coating film. It describes the chemistry and the uses of alkoxy silanes. The uses of silicates, siliconates, silicone fluids, and silicone resins in coatings are reviewed. The article discusses the various applications of SBT, namely, primers, heat-resistant coatings, industrial maintenance coatings, hygienic coatings, and abrasion-resistant coatings, and for marine biofouling control. It also provides information on the benefits of silicon-base additives.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001280
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... Carbides as ceramic coatings are principally used for wear and seal applications, in which the high hardness of carbides is an advantage. These applications include jet engine seals, rubber-skiving knives, paper machine knives, and plug gages. Carbide coatings for wear resistance are applied by flame...
Abstract
Ceramic coatings are applied to metals to protect them against oxidation and corrosion at room temperature and at elevated temperatures. This article provides a detailed account of the factors to be considered when selecting a ceramic coating and describes the characteristics of various coating materials, namely, silicate glasses, oxides, carbides, silicides, and cermets. It reviews ceramic coating methods: brushing, spraying, dipping, flow coating, combustion flame spraying, plasma-arc flame spraying, detonation gun spraying, pack cementation, fluidized-bed deposition, vapor streaming, troweling, and electrophoresis. The article also includes information on the evaluation of the quality of ceramic coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... maintenance coatings into architectural applications. However, typical industrial protective coatings, such as solvent-borne polyurethanes and epoxies that have excellent wear and chemical resistance, typically have two drawbacks in architectural applications: solvents that have a strong odor, and high-sheen...
Abstract
Polyurethane is any polymer consisting of a chain of repeating organic units joined by urethane linkages. Polyurethane polymers are formed through step-growth polymerization by making a monomer containing at least two isocyanate functional groups to react with another monomer containing at least two hydroxyl (alcohol) groups. This article provides a detailed account of the protective coatings used in the building, infrastructure, and architectural markets. It focuses on the various types of polyurethane coatings used in these applications: moisture-cure and two-pack aromatic coatings as primers and topcoats, moisture-cure aromatic elastomeric high-build coatings, moisture-cure aliphatic topcoats, two-pack aliphatic polyurethane coatings as topcoats, and one- and two-pack polyurethane dispersion coatings as sealers and topcoats. It also includes a section on the health effects of isocyanates.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006006
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... done on a blasted surface outside the car to work out final adjustments to pressure, reduction, and so on. The sprayer, wearing air-fed outfitting, enters the vessel and applies the coating in a preplanned sequence of moves, or passes, while an attendant helps to manage the hoses and provides the...
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001274
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... plants. aluminum cast iron chemical composition chromic acid rinsing cleaning coating weight corrosion protection crystal size immersion system phosphate coatings phosphating rinsing safety precautions spray system steel wear resistance PHOSPHATE COATING is the treatment of iron...
Abstract
This article focuses on the types, composition, and applications of phosphate coatings and describes the characteristics of phosphate-coated ferrous and nonferrous materials, including steel and aluminum. It addresses five successive process fundamentals: cleaning, rinsing, phosphating, rinsing after phosphating, and chromic acid rinsing. The article describes the techniques for controlling the chemical composition of various phosphating solutions. It discusses the equipment and factors that influence equipment requirements in immersion and spray systems. The article also describes the controlling procedures of coating weight and crystal size. It provides guidelines for choosing phosphate coatings based on application, coating weight requirements, and recommended process parameters. The article concludes with a discussion on safety precautions and the treatment of effluents from phosphating plants.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... commonly coated with epoxy novolac phenolic coatings, which resist a wide variety of chemicals and tolerate varying pH levels. However, the longevity of coatings in gray water tanks can be expected to be limited. The tanks are hard to clean properly because of their content. Also, during maintenance cycles...
Abstract
This article focuses on marine coatings associated with protecting commercial and military vessels. It provides detailed information on the common issues and requirements encountered when coating ballast tanks, freeboard, topside, and decks of the vessel. The article describes the advent of ultra-high solids coatings technology, and reviews the marine-specific coatings such as antifouling and their mechanisms and common failure modes.
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... and Alloys” in this Volume. In addition, information on the use of diffusion coatings for wear resistance, for example, coatings based on boron (boronizing) via pack cementation or complex carbides (vanadium carbide, chromium carbide, and niobium carbide) deposited from salt baths, can be found in...
Abstract
This article describes the widespread use of diffusion coatings for elevated-temperature protection of the turbine components for aircraft engines and gas turbines. The principles of pack diffusion coating, namely, aluminizing, chromizing, and siliconizing, are discussed. The article presents information on the coating formation mechanism of superalloys and explains the steps involved in a typical pack cementation process. It concludes with information on the processing procedures and properties of pack aluminized steels.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003832
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... droplets of the two metals mix on the substrate and form a composite coating called a pseudoalloy. Another route is to use cored wires filled with powders. Oxide powders are used to enhance wear resistance of the coating. The in situ synthesis of various intermetallic compounds by the reaction between the...
Abstract
This article provides a general technical description of thermal spray coatings used for corrosion protection in atmospheric and aqueous environments. It further discusses two basic coating approaches of corrosion protection, namely, the sacrificial coating of thermal spray aluminum (TSA) and thermal spray zinc (TSZ), and the barrier-type coating of corrosion-resistant materials. The emphasis is on sacrificial coatings. The article describes the steps involved in the application of TSA and TSZ: surface preparation, coating deposition, and postspray treatment. It discusses their field exposure tests and application history. The article also contains helpful information on the dense barrier coatings by high-velocity spraying processes along with their corrosion performance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... cement mortar or epoxy coating to prevent water-side corrosion. The PVC sewerage mains are corrosion resistant both internally and externally; therefore, no liquid-applied coatings are required. The same is true of vitrified clay pipe, which was used in the past for sewer piping as well. Interceptor...
Abstract
This article provides information on the municipal wastewater system components such as piping, pump stations, headworks, clarifiers, aeration structures, digesters, biosolids dewatering equipment, and sludge stabilization. It explains the major corrosion damage mechanisms to which those component parts of the system are exposed. It presents useful guidelines for selecting and using protective coatings in municipal sewerage collection systems and water reclamation facilities in wastewater treatment plants. The article includes annotated flow diagrams of a wastewater collection system, wastewater treatment plants, and spreadsheets listing the most widely used generic coating systems by structure and substrate material. It concludes with a section on quality watchouts when selecting or using protective coatings in municipal wastewater systems.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003844
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... coating lose their environmental resistance, and the coating system, in time, fails to function as intended. It is the environmental influences on the molecules, resins, and pigments of the coating system that are discussed herein. In a dried film, coatings are composed primarily of resins and...
Abstract
Paints and protective coatings are the most common means of protecting materials from deterioration. This article focuses on coating degradation resulting from the environmental interaction with the coatings. The major environmental influences that result in coating degradation include energy (solar radiation, heat and temperature variation, and nuclear radiation), permeation (moisture, solvent retention, chemical, and oxygen), stress (drying and curing, vibration, and impact and abrasion), and biological influences (microbiological and macrobiological).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... excellent adhesion and a tough finish resistant to abrasion, chemical degradation, and soil-stress damage. It is a 100% solids system with no solvents. The FBE coatings are formulated specifically to meet the needs of the various markets, because physical and performance requirements are different for an...
Abstract
Functional fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings are used as external pipe coatings, base layer for three-layer pipe-coating systems, internal pipe linings, and corrosion coatings for concrete reinforcing steel (rebar). This article provides information on the chemistries of FBE, and discusses the application procedures for internal and external FBE pipe coating. The procedures involve pipe inspection, surface preparation, heating, powder application, curing, cooling, coating inspection, and repairing. It describes the problems and solutions for FBE external pipe coatings, girth weld FBE application, FBE custom coatings, internal FBE pipe linings, and FBE rebar coatings.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001272
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... protection provided to the basis steel when the coating is damaged The durability and wear resistance of the zinc coating and the intermetallic iron-zinc alloy layers ( Table 3 ) The relative ease and low cost of painting the zinc coating either initially or later, when it is necessary to further...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the applications of galvanized coatings and provides information on metallurgical characteristics, such as coating thickness and alloying elements. It examines the effect of galvanizing process on the mechanical properties of steels and briefly describes the cleaning procedures of iron and steel pieces, before galvanizing. The article discusses the different types of conventional batch galvanizing practices. Information on the galvanizing of silicon-killed steels is also presented. The article concludes with helpful information on batch galvanizing equipment and galvanizing post treatments.