The wear- and abrasion-resistant alloy 4032 is a medium-high-strength, heat-treatable alloy. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and fabrication characteristics of this 4xxx series alloy.

This article focuses on the tribological behavior of group 1, 2, and 3 cobalt-base alloys, namely, carbide-type wear-resistant alloys and laves-type wear-resistant alloys. The behavior includes hardness, yield strength and ductility, and fracture toughness. The article contains a table that lists the nominal compositions and typical applications of cobalt-base alloys. It discusses the properties and relative performance of specific alloys when subjected to the more common types of wear. These include abrasive wear, high-temperature sliding wear, rolling-contact fatigue wear, and erosive wear.

Cobalt finds its use in various applications owing to its magnetic properties, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, and its strength at elevated temperatures. This article discusses the mining and processing of cobalt and cobalt alloys. It describes the types of cobalt alloys, including wear-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, corrosion-resistant alloys, and special-purpose alloys. The article provides data on the chemical composition, mechanical properties, and physical properties of these alloys. Further, it provides information on the uses of cobalt in superalloys, cemented carbides, magnetic materials, low-expansion alloys, and high-speed tool steels.

This article provides a general overview of physical and mechanical properties, alloy compositions, applications, and product forms of cobalt-base alloys as wear-resistant, corrosion-resistant, and/or heat-resistant materials. The discussion is largely focused on cobalt-base alloys for wear resistance, as this is the single largest application area of cobalt-base alloys.

This article discusses the physical metallurgy of cast cobalt alloys with an emphasis on the crystallography, compositions, phases and microstructure, and properties. Cobalt alloys are cast by several different foundry methods. The article describes the argon-oxygen decarburization and continuous casting process. It provides information on castability and quality of the casted alloys. The article details the postcasting treatment, including heat treatment, hot isostatic pressing, and coatings. It summarizes the applications of cast cobalt alloys.

Cobalt is used as an alloying element in alloys for various applications. This article provides a detailed account of the metallurgy of cobalt-base alloys. It focuses on the compositions, properties, and applications of cobalt-base alloys, which include wear-resistant cobalt alloys, heat-resistant cobalt alloys, and cobalt-base corrosion-resistant alloys. The article also describes the heat treatments such as annealing and aging, for these alloys.

This article describes the metallurgy and microstructure of high-performance cobalt-base alloys. It discusses metallographic preparation procedures, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, etching, staining, and heat tinting. It examines the microstructure of cobalt alloys in cast, wrought, and powder metal forms, including magnetic alloys as well as several cobalt-base superalloys.

Hardfacing refers to the deposition of a specially selected material onto a component in order to reduce wear in service as a preventative measure or return a worn component to its original dimensions as a repair procedure. This article provides information on various hardfacing materials, namely, iron-base overlays, chromium carbide-based overlays, nickel- and cobalt-base alloys, and tungsten carbide-based metal-matrix composite overlays. It discusses the types of hardfacing processes, such as arc welding processes, and laser cladded, oxyacetylene brazing and vacuum brazing processes. The arc welding processes include shielding metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding/flux cored arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, submerged arc welding, and plasma transferred arc welding. The article also reviews various factors influencing the selection of the appropriate hardfacing for specific applications.

The aluminum alloy 336.0 is a high-silicon alloy suitable for applications where good high-temperature strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and good resistance to wear are required. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, fabrication characteristics, and application characteristics of this 3xxx series alloy.

Aluminum alloys are widely used in engineered components because of their excellent strength-to-weight ratio. Their use in applications requiring wear resistance is more limited. One of the main limitations of aluminum alloys is the poor tribological behavior mainly due to their relatively low hardness, which favors large plastic deformation under sliding conditions. This article discusses the classes and mechanisms of wear in aluminum-silicon alloys, aluminum-tin bearing alloys, and aluminum-matrix composites; describes the effect of material-related parameters on wear behavior of these alloys; and reviews their applications in a variety of tribological applications in the automotive industry ranging from aluminum-tin alloys for plain bearings to alloys with hard anodizing for machine elements. Methods to improve wear resistance and alloy hardness are also discussed.

Cast irons have been widely used by engineers in applications that require low cost, excellent castability, good damping capacity, ease of machining, and wear resistance. This article discusses the classification of wear for cast irons: adhesive wear, abrasive wear, and erosive wear. Typical wear applications for a variety of cast iron grades are listed in a table. The article reviews the general wear characteristics of gray irons, compacted graphite (CG) irons, and ductile irons. It discusses the typical compositions and properties of white and chilled iron castings. Gray cast iron is the dominant material for both brake drums and disk brake rotors. The article reviews brake lining chemistry effects, graphite morphology effects, and external abrasive effects on brake drums. It concludes with information on cast iron grinding balls.

This article presents typical wear applications for a variety of cast iron grades in a table. In general, wear is classified according to three major types: adhesive (frictional) wear (sliding and rolling) caused by contact of one metallic surface with another; abrasive wear caused by contact with metallic (shots, swarf) or nonmetallic abrasive materials; and erosive wear. The article discusses general wear characteristics of gray iron, compacted gray iron, and ductile iron. It provides information on the brake lining chemistry effects, graphite morphology effects, normal cast iron wear, local cast iron wear, and external abrasive effects on brake drums and disk brake rotors made of gray cast iron. The article concludes with a discussion on the application of cast iron for grinding balls.

Abrasive wear is a surface-damage process with material loss caused by hard asperities or abrasive particles occurring when two surfaces are sliding against each other. There are two types of abrasive wear: two-body abrasion and three-body abrasion. This article discusses the abrasive wear mechanism in ductile materials and commonly used testers for evaluating the resistance of materials to abrasive wear. The testers include pin-on-disk, block-on-ring, block-on-drum, and dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion tester. The article reviews the abrasion resistance of metallic materials, ceramic materials, and polymeric materials. It discusses factors that influence abrasive wear, including the environment, hardness, toughness, microstructure, and lubrication.