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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002474
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
.... It tabulates the operational classification of wear situations and describes the relationship between wear or wear rate and design parameters. The article reviews the effect of lubrication on wear behavior and the types of lubricants. It illustrates some fundamental criteria that can be applied...
Abstract
Wear is the damage to a solid surface as a result of relative motion between it and another surface or substance. This article discusses the four general ways by which a material can wear, namely, adhesive wear, abrasive wear, fatigue or fatigue-like wear, and corrosive wear. It tabulates the operational classification of wear situations and describes the relationship between wear or wear rate and design parameters. The article reviews the effect of lubrication on wear behavior and the types of lubricants. It illustrates some fundamental criteria that can be applied in the selection of a material for wear applications. The article explains four elements of wear design, such as system analysis, modeling, data gathering, and verification. It concludes with a discussion on the design approach for low-wear computer peripherals.
Image
Some aspects of forging and process design that affect wear and fracture. S...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Image
Induction coil designed with silicon nitrite trapezoid wear rails that are ...
Available to Purchase
in Design and Fabrication of Induction Coils for Heating Bars, Billets, and Slabs
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 29 Induction coil designed with silicon nitrite trapezoid wear rails that are embedded into the surface of the refractory, with approximately 1.6 mm ( 1 16 in.) raised above the surface. The rails are used in both the entrance and exit ends as well as across the center
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Image
Design problem and solution. (a) Problem: Shot wears pipe at turn. The cont...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1997
Fig. 7 Design problem and solution. (a) Problem: Shot wears pipe at turn. The contradiction is that a coating appears to be needed, but is not a good solution because of added cost and short life. (b) Solution: Magnets are used to form a continuously replenishable protective layer of shot.
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003558
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... to reduce the clearance. This method is an example of a simple phenomenological model. A more elaborate model would be describing the wear situation as unlubricated mild sliding, impact, or rolling wear, and using analytical models for these wear situations to develop relationships between wear and design...
Abstract
This article focuses on the types of activities required for the resolution of wear problems. These include examining and characterizing the tribosystem; characterizing and modeling the wear process; obtaining and evaluating wear data; and evaluating and verifying the solution.
Book Chapter
Introduction and Basic Theory of Wear
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006357
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... these materials interacted tribologically. Within a map, different regions (or fields) where different mechanisms of wear are dominant are demarcated. Using such a map, designers and engineers will be able to select the best operating conditions so that the minimum amount of wear could result while meeting...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the articles under the Section “Introduction and Basic Theory of Wear” in ASM Handbook, Volume 18, Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology .
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... the environment seen by a particular machine component is called a tribosimulation. The initial challenge in designing a tribosimulation is identifying the major wear-causing factors and finding a test that will produce the same type of wear response from test coupons as for operating parts. Conducting...
Abstract
Wear is mechanically-induced surface damage that results in the progressive removal of material. Because different types of wear occur in machinery, many different types of wear tests have been developed to evaluate its effects on materials and surface treatments. This article provides an explanation on mechanisms, forms (sliding, impact, and rolling) and the causes of wear. It describes the wear measuring methods, including the mass loss method, wear width method, and scar depth method. The units used to report wear vary with type of wear and with the purpose for which the data are to be used. Listing the considerations of tribosystem analysis, the article provides information on selection of ASTM wear test methods grouped by wear type. The article concludes by tabulating the testing geometries and parameters that are commonly controlled and reported when conducting wear tests.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Tribology and Tribological Parameters
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... or workpiece), while double-sided wear refers to wear in a closed tribosystem (two solid bodies in repeated contact). Wear also can be characterized by the mechanism and type of wear in developing wear tests and suitable designs. Generally, by characterizing the wear situation in these manners...
Abstract
Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion. This article describes in detail the basic structural, operational, and interaction parameters of a tribosystem. The interaction parameters, which characterize the action of the operational parameters on the structural components in the system, consist of three important aspects: contact parameters, friction parameters, and wear parameters. These three aspects embody the complex mechanisms and relationships between the constituents of a tribosystem. The article concludes with information on the selection criteria of a material for wear applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006396
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract This article describes the usefulness of wear maps and explains how to construct a proper wear map from scratch and effectively employ such a map to make important design decisions for a particular tribological situation. It discusses three categories of wear-data presentation: numeric...
Abstract
This article describes the usefulness of wear maps and explains how to construct a proper wear map from scratch and effectively employ such a map to make important design decisions for a particular tribological situation. It discusses three categories of wear-data presentation: numeric data, topographic data, and multidimensional graphical data. The article provides a brief description of the development of different groups of wear maps. It also summarizes the essential components of a wear map.
Image
Schematic showing increased contact area in the updated seal wear ring desi...
Available to Purchase
in Failure Analysis of Railroad Components
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 9 Schematic showing increased contact area in the updated seal wear ring design. Note the contact area of the seal wear ring in (a) the conventional design compared to (b) the updated design
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Book Chapter
Overview of Wear and Erosion Testing of Coatings
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001302
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... specifically designed for laboratory use. Although many of these test configurations are one-of-a-kind machines, others are available as commercial units. Standards related to wear and erosion testing are listed in Ref 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , and 15...
Abstract
Standardization, repeatability, convenience, short testing time, and simple measuring and ranking techniques are desirable in wear and erosion tests. This article provides a brief review of the wear testing methods and wear and erosion test equipment. General elements of a wear test, namely, simulation, acceleration, specimen preparation, control, measurement, and reporting, are reviewed.
Book Chapter
Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Internal Combustion Engine Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... on the friction, lubrication and wear of internal combustion engine parts, improvements in which provide important gains in energy efficiency, performance, and longevity of the IC engine systems. The specific machine elements – number, size, and configuration – vary somewhat for IC engines among specific designs...
Abstract
This article focuses on friction, lubrication, and wear of internal combustion engine parts, improvements in which provide important gains in energy efficiency, performance, and longevity of the internal combustion (IC) engine systems. It discusses the types, component materials, and Friction and Wear Control of IC engine. The article explains the process of friction reduction by surface textures or coatings. It provides information on surface hardening of iron and steel, which is commonly employed for engine and powertrain components such as crankshafts, cams, and cylinder liners. The article also discusses advanced surface engineering technologies, such as diamondlike carbon coatings and surface texture technology. Information on thermal-spray methods that have led to improvements in engine components is also provided. The article describes IC engine-components wear, namely, piston assembly wear, valvetrain wear, cylinder-bore wear, and engine bearing wear. It concludes with information on inlet valve and seat wear of IC engine.
Book Chapter
Sliding Contact Damage Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003285
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... by the energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX) pattern for iron shown in Fig. 4(b) . The test can be designed to determine load capacity or effects of temperature on the onset of adhesive wear. These data would then be used in the design of a bearing or gear system that could operate safely...
Abstract
Surface damage from sliding contact is related to the adhesion of mating surfaces in contact. This article describes the methods for evaluation of surface damage caused by sliding contact. It defines adhesive wear in terms of asperity, cold welding, galling, scuffing, seizure, and wear coefficient. The article discusses various galling testing methods, such as button-on-block galling test, pin-on-flat galling test, and threaded connection galling test. It provides an overview of fretting wear that occurs between two tight-fitting surfaces subjected to a cyclic, relative motion of extremely small amplitude. The article also reviews the fretting rig for investigating fretting wear.
Book Chapter
Abrasive Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003560
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., wear accounts for approximately 55%, while corrosion accounts for the other 15%. Thus, wear can be a serious problem in design engineering and materials selection. Moreover, of the 55% due to wear, the loss of usefulness from abrasion is 20%. Consequently, abrasive modes of wear are a significant...
Abstract
Wear, a form of surface deterioration, is a factor in a majority of component failures. This article is primarily concerned with abrasive wear mechanisms such as plastic deformation, cutting, and fragmentation which, at their core, stem from a difference in hardness between contacting surfaces. Adhesive wear, the type of wear that occurs between two mutually soluble materials, is also discussed, as is erosive wear, liquid impingement, and cavitation wear. The article also presents a procedure for failure analysis and provides a number of detailed examples, including jaw-type rock crusher wear, electronic circuit board drill wear, grinding plate wear failure analysis, impact wear of disk cutters, and identification of abrasive wear modes in martensitic steels.
Book Chapter
Abrasive Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006790
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., wear accounts for approximately 55%, while corrosion accounts for the other 15%. Thus, wear can be a serious problem in design engineering and materials selection. Moreover, of the 55% due to wear, the loss of usefulness from abrasion is 20%. Consequently, abrasive modes of wear are a significant...
Abstract
Engineered components fail predominantly in four major ways: fracture, corrosion, wear, and undesirable deformation (i.e., distortion). Typical fracture mechanisms feature rapid crack growth by ductile or brittle cracking; more progressive (subcritical) forms involve crack growth by fatigue, creep, or environmentally-assisted cracking. Corrosion and wear are another form of progressive material alteration or removal that can lead to failure or obsolescence. This article primarily covers the topic of abrasive wear failures, covering the general classification of wear. It also discusses methods that may apply to any form of wear mechanism, because it is important to identify all mechanisms or combinations of wear mechanisms during failure analysis. The article concludes by presenting several examples of abrasive wear.
Book Chapter
Wear and Tribology in Agricultural Machinery
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006386
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract This article provides a detailed literature overview of wear in agriculture equipment and implements. It introduces them with specific description of the wear situation due to ground or crop engagement. The article provides information on operational parameters, component design...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed literature overview of wear in agriculture equipment and implements. It introduces them with specific description of the wear situation due to ground or crop engagement. The article provides information on operational parameters, component design, and selection of implements. It illustrates their quantitative correlations to wear. The article details wear mitigation strategies for metallic components, such as materials selection, coating, design, and processing. It reviews wear testing approaches for equipment and implements. The article discusses the role of modeling and simulation for understanding and managing wear.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002120
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... and its consequences. The article details the modeling of tool wear by using the Taylor's tool life equation. The article concludes with information on the requirements of a successful tool life testing program: the test plan objective, designing the test, conducting the test, analyzing the results...
Abstract
Cutting tool wear is a production management problem for manufacturing industries. It occurs along the cutting edge and on adjacent surfaces. This article describes steady-state wear mechanisms, tertiary wear mechanisms, and tool replacement. It provides information on tool failure and its consequences. The article details the modeling of tool wear by using the Taylor's tool life equation. The article concludes with information on the requirements of a successful tool life testing program: the test plan objective, designing the test, conducting the test, analyzing the results, and applying the results.
Image
Correlation of hardness with wear rate for three materials. The two 50 HRC ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 30 Correlation of hardness with wear rate for three materials. The two 50 HRC materials both exhibit the same low-stress scratching wear resistance. However, as the wear severity increases, the steel designed for ground-engaging tools (steel A) exhibits moderate improvements in gouging
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Image
Correlation of hardness with wear rate for three materials. The two 50 HRC ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 30 Correlation of hardness with wear rate for three materials. The two 50 HRC materials both exhibit the same low-stress scratching wear resistance. However, as the wear severity increases, the steel designed for ground-engaging tools (steel A) exhibits moderate improvements in gouging
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Book Chapter
Rolling-Contact Wear
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006358
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract This article discusses the physical signs of rolling-contact wear (RCW). It lists the major considerations in gear design and describes the mechanisms of RCW. The article provides a guide to rolling-contact fatigue (RCF) testing methods. It explains the steps involved in the processes...
Abstract
This article discusses the physical signs of rolling-contact wear (RCW). It lists the major considerations in gear design and describes the mechanisms of RCW. The article provides a guide to rolling-contact fatigue (RCF) testing methods. It explains the steps involved in the processes of RCF and RCW.
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