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George T. (Rusty) Gray, III, William R. Blumenthal
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George T. (Rusty) Gray, III
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Sunil Kishore Chakrapani, Leonard J. Bond, Rachel S. Edwards
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Bruce Maxfield, Zhiyong Wang
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G. Subhash, G. Ravichandran
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Image
Leaky Lamb wave dispersion curves for a unidirectional graphite/epoxy compo...
Available to Purchase
in Nondestructive Testing of Composites (Polymer- and Metal-Matrix Composites)[1]
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 25 Leaky Lamb wave dispersion curves for a unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite. (a) Curve showing wave propagation along the fibers generated by an imaging method. (b) Curve showing wave propagation at 45° to the fibers
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Image
Leaky Lamb wave dispersion curves for a unidirectional graphite/epoxy compo...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2001
Fig. 25 Leaky Lamb wave dispersion curves for a unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite. (a) Curve showing wave propagation along the fibers generated by an imaging method. (b) Curve showing wave propagation at 90° to the fibers
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Image
Group velocity dispersion curves for guided waves in a 150 mm (6 in.) sched...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 2 Group velocity dispersion curves for guided waves in a 150 mm (6 in.) schedule 40 steel pipe (168 mm, or 6.6 in., outer diameter; 7 mm, or 0.28 in., wall thickness)
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Book Chapter
Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing of Soft Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003298
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... moderate strain level under constant, high-strain-rate loading. Some polymers exhibit no permanent plastic flow after substantial high rate straining, the strain recovery effect being time dependent. Stress-wave propagation through some polymers, such as polythene, is so dispersive that over...
Abstract
This article addresses the specialized aspects required to accurately quantify the behavior of soft materials, including polymers and polymeric composites, using the split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). It details some of the specialized SHPB techniques that facilitate testing soft materials. These techniques include the data-reduction techniques and assumptions required to use polymer pressure bars, the importance of sample-size considerations to polymer testing, and temperature-control methodologies to measure the high-strain-rate uniaxial stress response of polymers and other soft materials.
Book Chapter
Classic Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003296
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... when using a tensile Hopkinson bar in terms of loading technique, sample design, and stress-state stability, are discussed. high-strain-rate stress-strain response sample design stress-state stability split-Hopkinson pressure bar testing data reduction wave dispersion sample preparation...
Abstract
This article describes the techniques involved in measuring the high-strain-rate stress-strain response of materials using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). It focuses on the generalized techniques applicable to all SHPBs, whether compressive, tensile, or torsion. The article discusses the methods of collecting and analyzing compressive high-rate mechanical property data. A review of the critical experimental variables that must be controlled to yield valid and reproducible high-strain-rate stress-strain data is also included. Comparisons and contrasts to the differences invoked when using a tensile Hopkinson bar in terms of loading technique, sample design, and stress-state stability, are discussed.
Book Chapter
Rayleigh Wave Nondestructive Evaluation for Defect Detection and Materials Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... ( Ref 6 ). Because the energy of Rayleigh waves is concentrated near the surface, these waves can propagate along large curvatures. Their velocity, however, is then defined by a frequency-radii criterion that describes dispersion, that is, a frequency-dependent velocity ( Ref 2 ). Dispersion is also...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the characteristics of Rayleigh waves plus methods for generation and detection of waves, including using piezoelectric transducers or noncontact techniques such as lasers, electromagnetic acoustic transducers, or air-coupled ultrasonics. It reviews the methods for using Rayleigh waves for defect detection and materials characterization, alongside nonlinear ultrasonic inspection and surface acoustic wave (SAW) microscopy. The article concludes with information on the standards that use Rayleigh waves for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of different structures.
Book Chapter
Microwave- and Millimeter-Wave Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... for microwaves. It discusses the advantages and limitations of inspection with microwaves. The article discusses the physical principles, including reflection and refraction, absorption and dispersion, scattering, and standing waves. It provides a discussion on terahertz (THz) imaging for nondestructive...
Abstract
Electromagnetic signals at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies are well suited for inspecting dielectric materials and composite structures in many critical applications. This article presents a partial list of reported nondestructive testing (NDT) application areas for microwaves. It discusses the advantages and limitations of inspection with microwaves. The article discusses the physical principles, including reflection and refraction, absorption and dispersion, scattering, and standing waves. It provides a discussion on terahertz (THz) imaging for nondestructive evaluation (NDE). The article concludes with information on ground-penetration radar (GPR) that uses electromagnetic radiation and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... vary for different shapes and sizes of waveguide, and they have speeds that vary with frequency, sometimes dramatically. Figure 2 shows the speeds of guided waves that can propagate in a typical 150 mm (6 in.) diameter pipe. Fig. 2 Group velocity dispersion curves for guided waves in a 150 mm...
Abstract
Guided wave testing (GWT) is a method of nondestructive evaluation for the inspection of pipelines. This article focuses mainly on explaining GWT as it is applied in routine established use, covered by standards, in the oil and gas industry and also introduces some of the other contexts in which its use is growing in other evolving applications. It discusses the various guided wave modes and their selection criteria. The article provides information on considerations for mode control and the sensitivity of the GWT to the defect. It also shows some examples of advanced GWT.
Book Chapter
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers for Nondestructive Evaluation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... pulse that normally consists of slightly more cycles than there are periods in the MC. One main reason for defining this MC wavelength becomes apparent when dispersion curves and coupling to guided waves is subsequently introduced. Fig. 3 (a) Schematic diagram of a permanent magnet...
Abstract
This article describes the basic features of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) and discusses their existing and some potential uses within the field of ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (UNDE). It provides sufficient basic and practical information to make an informed choice when considering the transducer to be used for any particular UNDE application. The article describes how different types of EMATs operate and presents their fundamental and some practical limitations. It summarizes the representative literature for electromagnetic acoustic transducer UNDE applications. Some successful uses of EMATs are mentioned to illustrate the depth, range, and potential of commercial EMAT applications. The article concludes with information on the commercial sources for EMAT systems and components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003300
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
.... In torsional testing, friction does not exist. Wave Dispersion in the Bars In the compression Kolsky bar, the elastic waves that travel in the bars undergo geometric dispersion because different frequency components in the compressive pulse have different velocities. In particular, the higher frequency...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the generation of an incident wave with the help of the stored-torque torsional Kolsky bar and explosively loaded torsional Kolsky bar. It examines the procedures followed for measuring the waves in these bars. The article compares the compression Kolsky bar with the torsional Kolsky bar. It includes information on the various application areas of torsional Kolsky bar: limitations on strain rate, low- and high-temperature testing, quasi-static and incremental strain-rate testing, and localization and shear-banding experiments.
Book Chapter
Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing of Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... of the bar is comparable to the wavelength of the dominant frequency component (or when the period of the pulse is comparable to the transit time of the bar wave across the diameter of the bar), dispersion effects become extremely severe, and the use of surface measurements at distances farther away from...
Abstract
Split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing is traditionally used for determining the plastic properties of metals (which are softer than the pressure bar material) at high strain rates. However, the use of this method for testing ceramic has various limitations. This article provides a discussion on the operational principle of the traditional SHPB technique and the relevant assumptions in the derivation of the stress-strain relationship. It describes the inherent limitations on the validity of these assumptions in testing ceramics and discusses the necessary modifications in SHPB design and test procedure for evaluating high-strength brittle ceramics. The article includes information on the maximum strain rate that can be obtained in ceramics using an SHPB and the necessity of incident pulse shaping. It also reviews the specimen design considerations, interpretation of experimental results obtained from SHPB testing of ceramics, and effectiveness of the proposed modifications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006644
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Dynamical Image From the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction, the wavefield propagating in the crystal is represented by a tie point on the dispersion surface and comprises two waves corresponding to the incident and diffracted x-ray beams (see “Appendix A: Kinematical and Dynamical Theories of X...
Abstract
X-ray topography is the general term for a family of x-ray diffraction imaging techniques capable of providing information on the nature and distribution of imperfections. This article provides a detailed account of x-ray topography techniques, providing information on the historical background and development trends in x-ray diffraction topography. The discussion covers the general principles, components of systems, and applications of x-ray topography techniques, namely conventional X-ray topographic techniques and synchrotron x-ray topographic techniques.
Image
Borrmann fan bounded by the incident ( AB ) and diffracted ( AC ) beams sho...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 December 2019
Fig. 36 Borrmann fan bounded by the incident ( AB ) and diffracted ( AC ) beams showing the distribution of energy for an incident spherical wave that excites all tie points along the dispersion surface
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Image
Leaky Lamb wave characterization. (a) The reflection at 39.5° incidence ang...
Available to Purchase
in Nondestructive Testing of Composites (Polymer- and Metal-Matrix Composites)[1]
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 24 Leaky Lamb wave characterization. (a) The reflection at 39.5° incidence angle and the dispersion curve for a graphite/epoxy [0] 24 laminate with no defects. (b) Response at a defect area where simulated porosity was introduced in the middle layer using microballoons
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Image
Leaky Lamb wave characterization. (a) The reflection at 39.5° incidence ang...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2001
Fig. 24 Leaky Lamb wave characterization. (a) The reflection at 39.5° incidence angle and the dispersion curve for a graphite/epoxy [0] 24 laminate with no defects. (b) The response at a defect area where simulated porosity was introduced in the middle layer using microballoons
More
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols—Fractography
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007040
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
...-dispersive spectroscopy Eq equation et al. and others ETP electrolytic tough pitch (copper) eV electron volt f frequency; focal length F force fcc face-centered cubic FF fast-fast (wave form) Fig. gure ft foot FS fast-slow (wave form) FSS fatigue striation spacing g gram gal gallon GPa gigapascal h hour H...
Abstract
This article presents abbreviations and symbols related to fractography.
Image
Dispersion surface construction showing the tie points excited by an incide...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 December 2019
Fig. 34 Dispersion surface construction showing the tie points excited by an incident wave in (a) the Laue geometry, where one tie point in each branch (“A” on branch 1 and “B” on branch 2) is excited, and (b) the Bragg geometry, where two tie points (“A” and “B”) on the same branch
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Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols: Fractography
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0005697
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... diameter DIC differential interference contrast dm decimeter DPH diamond pyramid hardness (Vickers hardness) DT dynamic tear (test) DWTT drop-weight tear test e natural log base, 2.71828; electron E energy; modulus of elasticity; embrittlement index; electrochemical potential EDS energy-dispersive...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.9781627081818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
Book Chapter
Microwave Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Microwaves (or radar waves) are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 1000 cm and 1 mm in free space. One of the first important uses of microwaves in nondestructive evaluation was for components such as waveguides, attenuators, cavities, antennas, and antenna...
Abstract
Microwaves (or radar waves) are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 1000 cm and 1 mm in free space. One of the first important uses of microwaves in nondestructive evaluation was for components such as waveguides, attenuators, cavities, antennas, and antenna covers (radomes). This article focuses on the microwave inspection methods that were subsequently developed for evaluation of moisture content in dielectric materials; thickness measurements of thin metallic coatings on dielectric substrates; and detection of voids, delaminations, macroporosity, inclusions, and other flaws in plastic or ceramic materials. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages and the general approaches that have been used in the development of microwave nondestructive inspection.
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