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Image
(a) Photograph of water-wall tube sample showing fishmouth-type rupture ope...
Available to Purchase
in Failure of Boilers and Related Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 55 (a) Photograph of water-wall tube sample showing fishmouth-type rupture opening. (b) Outer-surface low-magnification view near failure location highlighting corrosion marks on the surface. Original magnification: 12×
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Image
Computed tomography image of a rock sample with oil and water. The lighter ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 6 Computed tomography image of a rock sample with oil and water. The lighter circular areas at the top and right are areas containing water, while the darker regions at the bottom and left are areas with oil. Courtesy of B.G. Isaacson, Bio-Imaging Research, Inc.
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Quenching curves of a nickel sample (d = 16 mm, h = 48 mm). 1, water at 100...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 February 2024
Fig. 10 Quenching curves of a nickel sample (d = 16 mm, h = 48 mm). 1, water at 100 °C (212 °F); 2, aqueous solution of 10% NaCl at 101 °C (214 °F). Adapted from Ref 7
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Book Chapter
Worker Health and Environmental Hazards Associated with Coating Application and Removal
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006030
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... hazards soil sampling visible-emission assessment water sampling THE FIRST TWO-THIRDS of this article deals with occupational health hazards related to industrial protective coating application and removal, while the last one-third covers hazards to the environment. Worker Health Hazards...
Abstract
This article discusses the occupational health hazards related to industrial protective coating application and removal. It explains the health hazards associated with coating constituents such as lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, silica, and asbestos. The article also discusses hazard evaluation, hazard controls, Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards, and industry consensus standards. It concludes with a description of containment systems to prevent environmental exposures from industrial paint removal projects.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001737
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... Abstract Spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) is an analytical technique used for determining the concentration of elements in a wide range of solid samples, including metals, semiconductors, ceramics, geological and biological materials, and air and water pollution samples. This article...
Abstract
Spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) is an analytical technique used for determining the concentration of elements in a wide range of solid samples, including metals, semiconductors, ceramics, geological and biological materials, and air and water pollution samples. This article discusses the basic principles of spark source technique; SSMS instrumentation such as ion source, electric sector, and magnetic sector; sample preparation; and test procedures of SSMS. Some of the related techniques to SSMS are laser ionization mass spectrometry and laser-induced resonance ionization mass spectrometry. The ions produced in SSMS are detected by either the photometric method or electrical detection method and quantitatively measured by techniques such as internal standardization techniques, isotope dilution, multi element isotope dilution, and dry spike isotope dilution. The detected spark source spectrum contains all the elemental data of the tested sample. Finally, the article exemplifies the applications of SSMS.
Book Chapter
Analysis and Prevention of Corrosion-Related Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... setting should also be performed to guarantee accurate reproduction of color tones and surface textures. The type and extent of on-site sampling depends on the environment and its availability. Piping corrosion in a domestic water service would require water samples from the source (incoming water...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the electrochemical nature of corrosion and analyzes corrosion-related failures. It describes corrosion failure analysis and discusses corrective and preventive approaches to mitigate corrosion-related failures of metals. These include: change in the environment; change in the alloy or heat treatment; change in design; use of galvanic protection; use of inhibitors; use of nonmetallic coatings and liners; application of metallic coatings; use of surface treatments, thermal spray, or other surface modifications; corrosion monitoring; and preventive maintenance.
Book Chapter
Furnace Atmosphere Controls in Heat Treating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005928
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... decarburization. It demonstrates how the carbon potential control is achieved by controlling water vapor concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, or oxygen partial pressure. The article also describes the various devices and analyzers used to monitor sampled gas from furnace atmospheres, namely...
Abstract
The atmosphere within a furnace chamber is a basic factor in achieving the desired chemical reactions with metals during heat treating. This article presents the fundamentals of heat treating atmospheres, and describes two groups of atmosphere control, namely, furnace atmosphere control and supply atmosphere control. The two basic types of atmospheric supply systems are generated atmospheres and nitrogen-base atmospheres. The article provides a brief overview of the gas reactions associated with oxidation and carbon control to ensure either carburization, or to prevent decarburization. It demonstrates how the carbon potential control is achieved by controlling water vapor concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, or oxygen partial pressure. The article also describes the various devices and analyzers used to monitor sampled gas from furnace atmospheres, namely, chromatographs, oxygen probes, Orsat analyzers, infrared analyzers, dewpoint analyzers, and hot-wire analyzers. Finally, it discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of these analyzers.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006635
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... gelatinous precipitate of potassium hexafluorosilicate, slightly soluble in water 3. Ammonia solution Gelatinous precipitate of silica acid Hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 1. Potassium iodide and starch If sample is previously acidified by dilute sulfuric acid, a deep-blue coloration occurs...
Abstract
This article presents a summary of the chemical fundamentals, general techniques, limitations, and applications of chemical spot testing as well as a brief overview of innovations and specialized applications. A list of selected reagents, including abbreviated instructions for preparing the reagent solution(s), for performing the spot test, and for interpreting the results, is also included. The article discusses two specialized applications of qualitative analysis, namely illicit drug identification and spacecraft drinking water quality testing. It also contains tables listing common presumptive tests for detecting anions and cations in aqueous solution.
Book Chapter
Rough Grinding and Polishing of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Samples
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Grinding—Sample Removal The first stage of grinding should be aggressive enough to remove the material quickly and easily but not so aggressive as to induce damage to the sample. In all steps, water (wet grinding) should be used as a lubricant and to displace the removed sample particles. The water...
Abstract
Rough grinding and polishing of specimens are required to prepare fiber-reinforced composite samples for optical analysis. This article discusses the consumables, process variables, and the equipment that influence the sample preparation procedure. It describes the hand and automated grinding methods. The article summarizes the rough and final polishing steps for both hand and automated techniques. Common artifacts that may be created during grinding and polishing steps of composite samples are reviewed. These include scratches, fiber pull-out, matrix smears, streaks, erosion of different phases, and fiber and sample edge rounding and relief.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001745
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... for acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, amines, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, peroxides, phenols, water (Karl Fischer method), and alkenes. combustion method elemental composition Karl Fischer method Kjeldahl method organic compounds purity determination sample preparation Schoniger flask...
Abstract
This article discusses the major methods of elemental analysis, namely, the combustion method for carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen; the Kjeldahl method for nitrogen; and the Schoniger flask method for other common elements. It also discusses the methods of functional group analysis for acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, amines, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, peroxides, phenols, water (Karl Fischer method), and alkenes.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in Wastewater Systems
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... of a wastewater treatment plant or construction of new capital improvement projects, a corrosion survey should be performed at the project site. This survey should include soil resistivity testing, chemical analysis of soil and/or water samples, and inspection of any facilities that may already exist...
Abstract
This article provides information on predesign surveys and the various testing procedures associated with wastewater treatment plants. These include soil testing, atmospheric testing, and hydrogen sulfide testing. The primary parameters that influence the production of sulfides within the piping system that transports the wastewater to the treatment facility are discussed. The article describes the corrosion performance of various materials in the soil, fluid, and atmospheric exposures. These include concrete, steel, ductile iron, aluminum, copper, brass, stainless steel, and coatings used for wastewater facilities.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006659
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
...) closely related components (such as plant pigments or components of fuel). Modern chromatography is used to purify drugs, determine the level of pollutants in water or soil for environmental analyses, compare samples from a crime scene, determine the identity of unknown substances, and for process...
Abstract
This article is dedicated to gas chromatography (GC), covering the chromatographic method and primary components of a modern GC apparatus. The components include the carrier gas cylinder, flow controller and pressure regulator, sample inlet and injection port, column oven, and detector. Common GC detectors are the thermal conductivity cell detector, flame ionization detector, electron capture detector, sulfur chemiluminescence detector, and nitrogen-phosphorus detector.
Book Chapter
Analysis and Prevention of Environmental- and Corrosion-Related Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... also be performed to guarantee accurate reproduction of color tones and surface textures. The type and extent of on-site sampling depends on the environment and its availability. Piping corrosion in a domestic water service would require water samples from the source (incoming water supply...
Abstract
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material by a reaction of that material with its environment. The realization that corrosion control can be profitable has been acknowledged repeatedly by industry, typically following costly business interruptions. This article describes the electrochemical nature of corrosion and provides the typical analysis of environmental- and corrosion-related failures. It presents common methods of testing of laboratory corrosion and discusses the processes involved in the prevention of environmental- and corrosion-related failures of metals and nonmetals.
Book Chapter
Chemical Cleaning and Cleaning-Related Corrosion of Process Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... of a solvent. For a boiler, the best sample is a tube cut from the water wall at an area that historically had the heaviest deposit, usually the high heat flux area of the boiler. Deposit samples chipped from the metal may suffice in place of a tube cut if no tube section is available and if all deposit layers...
Abstract
This article describes the eight chemical cleaning methods, namely, circulation, fill and soak, cascade, foam, vapor-phase organic, steam-injected, on-line chemical, and mechanical cleaning. It presents information on deposit types, solvents used to remove them, and construction material incompatibilities in a table. The article summarizes the uses of chemical cleaning solutions, including hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfamic acid, as well as the additives used to neutralize their impact on corrosion. It discusses the chemical cleaning procedures, including selection of cleaning method and solvent, documentation of cleaning, and corrosion monitoring in chemical cleaning.
Book Chapter
Evaluating Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003670
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... are available, they should be sonicated or scraped into vials of culture medium, serially diluted on site, then incubated in the manner of water samples. In order of priority, samples from industrial systems should be taken from bottoms, metal surfaces, dead ends, and sumps. Sampling should be on a regular...
Abstract
This article explains how an engineer might go about assessing the risk of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in an industrial situation. It describes the systems that are susceptible to the effects of MIC by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The article discusses the effects of microorganisms other than SRB on metals. SRB-related problems, which are the most common MIC issue, are also explored. The article describes the test procedures used to enumerate microbiological populations. It concludes with a discussion on risk assessment based on operating conditions.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... resin in the hydrogen form, the sodium ions will be exchanged from hydrogen ions, and water will be formed by: (Eq 3) Resin − H + + Na + OH − → Resin − Na + + H 2 O Concurrently, sample anions (A − ) passing through the suppresser column...
Abstract
Ion chromatography (IC) is an analytical technique that uses columns packed with ion exchange resins to separate ions in aqueous solutions and dynamically elute them to a detector. This article provides information on the different modes of detection, namely, eluent-suppressed conductivity detection, single-column ion chromatography with conductivity detection, ion chromatography with spectrophotometric detection, and amperometric electrochemical detection. It describes the modes of separation techniques in IC and reversed-phase IC. The article discusses the detection capabilities of IC, the procedures for preparing solid and liquid samples, as well as the applications of IC.
Book Chapter
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001729
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... droplets, and the sample solution is delivered to the plasma at a high rate, providing the potential for lower detectivity. However, greater quantities of water are also delivered to the plasma, having a cooling effect. Therefore, it is necessary to desolvate the aerosol before delivery to the plasma...
Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is an analytical technique for elemental determinations in the concentration range of major to trace based on the principles of atomic spectroscopy. This article provides a description of the basic atomic theory, and explains the analytical procedures and various interference effects of ICP, namely, spectral, vaporization-atomization, and ionization. It provides a detailed discussion on the principal components of an analytical ICP system, namely, the sample introduction system; ICP torch and argon gas supplies; radio-frequency generator and associated electronics; spectrometers, such as polychromators and monochromators; detection electronics and interface; and the system computer with appropriate hardware and software. The article also describes the uses of direct-current plasma, and provides examples of the applications of ICP-AES.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006653
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... for the determination of metals ( Ref 3 ). From drinking water samples to complex biological samples, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has become the workhorse analytical technique for metal-concentration determination ( Ref 4 , 5 ). While the procedures have evolved to meet ever-changing analytical challenges...
Abstract
This article focuses on some of the factors pertinent to atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). It begins by describing the working principle, critical components, and construction of flame atomic absorption instrumentation. This is followed by sections discussing various types of interferences in AAS, namely vaporization, ionization, matrix interferences, and background correction. Some of the methods for the analysis of microliter-sized samples and methods of standard additions to the sample solution for generating calibration standards are then reviewed. The article concludes with a section on processes involved in matrix matching.
Image
Sequence of operations for spray zinc phosphating of 80 mm (3.2 in.) mortar...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
No. Type Composition Operating temperature Cycle time, min °C °F 1 Acid pickle H 2 SO 4 , 25 wt% 71 160 2 2 Cold rinse Water (a) RT RT 1 1 4 3 Alkaline rinse NaNO 2 , 2.4 g/L (2.0 × 10 −2 lb/gal) (b) 66 150 1 1 4 4 Alkaline cleaner Alkali, 0.7 g
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001731
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... ammonium hydroxide to the sample changes the color from a pale sky blue to a rich deep blue. In essence, an ammonia molecule replaces each of the water molecules in the Cu ( H 2 O ) 4 2 + complex ion; the result is the tetra-amminecopper(II) ion Cu ( NH 3 ) 4...
Abstract
Ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorption spectroscopy is a powerful yet cost-effective tool that is widely used to identify organic compounds and to measure the concentration of principal and trace constituents in liquid, gas, and solid test samples. This article emphasizes the quantitative analysis of elements in metals and metal-bearing ores. The instrumentation required for such applications consists of a light source, a filter or wavelength selector, and some type of visual or automated sensing mechanism. The article examines common sensing options and provides helpful information on how to set up and run a variety of UV/VIS absorption tests.
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